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Risk Assessment
Published in Charles Yoe, Principles of Risk Analysis, 2019
Pesticide chemical risks are somewhat similar, although the language changes a little: Identify pesticide residue of interestUndertake toxicity studies of substance if neededDetermine the NOAELSelect a safety factor or uncertainty factor to extrapolate results from animals to humansCalculate the ADIIdentify a suitable index of residue levels to predict residue intake—usually the maximum residue limit (MRL)Estimate the dietary intake of the residue (exposure assessment)Compare exposure to ADI (when exposure exceeds ADI, some sort of risk mitigation is required)
Risk assessment
Published in Charles Yoe, Primer on Risk Analysis, 2019
Pesticide chemical risks are somewhat similar, although the language changes a little: Identify pesticide residue of interestUndertake toxicity studies of substance if neededDetermine the NOAELSelect a safety factor or uncertainty factor to extrapolate results from animals to humansCalculate the ADIIdentify a suitable index of residue levels to predict residue intake—usually the maximum residue limit (MRL)Estimate the dietary intake of the residue (exposure assessment)Compare exposure to ADI (when exposure exceeds ADI, some sort of risk mitigation is required)
Recovery of bioactive compounds in citrus wastewater by membrane operations
Published in Alberto Figoli, Jan Hoinkis, Sacide Alsoy Altinkaya, Jochen Bundschuh, Application of Nanotechnology in Membranes for Water Treatment, 2017
Alfredo Cassano, Carmela Conidi, René Ruby-Figueroa
Several legislations, including EU directives (Council directives 76/895/EEC, 86/362/EEC, 86/363/EEC and 90/642/EEC) and Swiss regulation (RS 817.021.23), have established maximum residue limits (MRL) for pesticides in foodstuffs in order to ensure the protection of human health from exposure to pesticide residues. Although the development of biodegradable pesticides appears promising, the use of non-biodegradable pesticides is expected to continue in the near future. Methods to reduce the level of pesticides in raw citrus peel oils, without modifying their aroma and flavor characteristics, would therefore be desirable.
Residues levels of pesticides in walnuts of Iran and associated health risks
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2021
Seyedeh Faezeh Taghizadeh, Hasan Badibostan, A. Wallace Hayes, John P. Giesy, Gholamreza Karimi
Despite application of modern protection techniques in agricultural practice, weeds, pathogens, and pests are still the most important problems. Due to the need for greater yields of crops and to preserve quality, pesticides, including insecticides, are used at various stages of plant growth (Liu et al. 2016). Pesticide residues in several fresh and processed products have posed risks to health of humans, such as increased risks of stillbirth and birth defects. To protect health of consumers from chronic risks of effects of pesticides extensively used in agriculture strict controls on when and how much can be applied to food items (Taghizadeh et al. 2019). Most countries have established maximum residue limits (MRLs) for pesticides, especially pesticides used in agriculture (Codex Alimentarius Commission 2018, USEPA 2015). For instance, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) regulates maximum concentrations of pesticides permitted in foods, including walnut. The Joint Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)/World Health Organization (WHO) Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) and the Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) follow the same general principles and methods for assessing risks of chemicals. The actual values are published in reports of both committees (WHO 2009). For food additives and for residues of pesticides in food, the health-based guidance value is termed the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) (Table 1) (Taghizadeh et al. 2019).
Probabilistic risk assessment of endocrine disrupting pesticides in Iran
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Vahideh Mahdavi, Ahmad Heidari, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
MRL; maximum residue limit (mg/kg) of pesticides in the allowable product. EF; exposure factor (unitless). Herein all the computed results are based on the EF of 1.0. Bw; average adult body weight 60 kg. IR; intake rate of the agricultural commodity (kg/day).