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Mechanical Non-Traditional Machining Operations and Machine Tools
Published in Helmi Youssef, Hassan El-Hofy, Non-Traditional and Advanced Machining Technologies, 2020
When machining glass by AWJ, a cutting rate of about 16–20 mm3/min is achieved. An AWJ cuts through 360-mm-thick slabs of concrete or 76-mm-thick tool steel plates at a traverse speed of 38 mm/min in a single pass. When cutting steel plates (or metallic materials), the surface roughness Rt ranges from 3.8 to 6.4 µm while tolerances of ±130 µm are obtainable. Repeatability of ±40 µm, squariness of 43 µm/m, and straightness of 50 µm per axis are expected. Sand and garnet are frequently used as abrasive materials. However, garnet is preferred because it is 30% more effective then sand. A carrier liquid consisting of water with anticorrosive additives contributes to higher acceleration of abrasives with a consequent higher abrasive speed and increased material removal rate (El-Hofy, 2005). The penetration depth increases with increasing water pressure and decreasing traverse velocity, provided other working conditions are being constant.
Literature Review
Published in Habeeb Lateef Muttashar, Sustainable Construction Materials, 2019
For centuries, garnets have been employed as gemstones. In recent times, it has been discovered that the occurrence of angular fractures, relatively high hardness and specific gravity, and the recycling ability of garnet make this material greatly advantageous for several industrial applications. Garnet can be exploited for a broad range of purposes. Usually, garnet is a generic name coined for an assemblage of complex silicate minerals with isometric crystal structures and comparable chemical compositions. The general chemical formula for garnet minerals is denoted by A3B2(SiO4)3, where A can be calcium, magnesium, ferrous iron, or manganese and B can be aluminum, chromium, ferric iron, or rarely, titanium. The six most commonly occurring garnet minerals are classified into three groups: (1) aluminum garnets, (2) iron garnets, and (3) chromium garnets. The most frequent minerals of the aluminum garnet set are almandine or almandite, grossularite, pyrope, and spessartite. The most common iron garnet mineral is andradite, and uvarovite is the most widespread chromium garnet (Krishnan, 2016).
Rock Forming Minerals
Published in Aurèle Parriaux, Geology, 2018
Among the many more non-ferromagnesian silicates, we will discuss only garnets, which are easily identifiable in common rocks. The garnet group contains many minerals of various colors (colorless, yellow, brown, red, green or black), with vitreous luster, compact shape (Fig. 5.26), hardness between 6.5 and 7.5, and density of 3.5 · 103 kg/m3 to 4.3 · 103 kg/m3. They play an important role in the study of metamorphism; they occur as secondary minerals in metamorphic rocks, more rarely in magmatic rocks. Well-crystallized garnets are used as gems.
Mineral distribution and provenance of heavy mineral sands (zircon, ilmenite, rutile) deposits from the NW Murray Basin, far western NSW, Australia
Published in Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 2020
P. Poon, I. T. Graham, E. A. C. Liepa, D. R. Cohen, I. J. Pringle, D. A. Burkett, K. Privat
These complex metamorphic events within the Broken Hill Block (Plimer, 1984) were capable of forming the broad series of minerals that were observed at the Copi North and Magic deposits. These include the garnets (spessartine, andradite and almandine), as well as other minerals including kyanite, sillimanite, clinozoisite and tourmaline (elbaite and schorl varieties). Blue-quartz (unique to the Broken Hill Block) derived from the blue-quartz gahnite lode rocks (O’Brien, Spry, Teale, Jackson, & Rogers, 2015) was also identified. In addition, the magnetite-bearing zones in metasediments at Broken Hill (Stevens, 2015) may have been the source of at least some of the magnetite identified in the mineralisation. The recent review of Hou et al. (2017) and the earlier works of Force (1991) and Van Gosen, Fey, Shah, Verplanck, and Hoefen (2014) also suggest that much of the zircon, ilmenite, and rutile found in HMS worldwide was originally sourced from high-grade metamorphic terrains. Both the Copi North and Magic deposits contain minerals derived from the high-grade metamorphic rocks of the Broken Hill Block including a wide array of garnets, blue quartz, tourmaline, kyanite and sillimanite. With the exception of tourmaline, which may also have been derived from another source, none of these minerals have been noted to occur within the Bondi Main HMS deposit (Paine, 2005) that is a few hundred kilometres south of the Copi North and Magic deposits. Thus, many of the minor mineral phases within the Murray Basin HMS deposits would have a more localised provenance.
Effect of Particle Size on Wear Behavior of Al–Garnet Composites
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2015
Anju Sharma, Suresh Kumar, Gurmel Singh, O. P. Pandey
Composites consisting of aluminum matrix reinforced with garnet particulates were fabricated for this study. LM13 alloy containing 11.8%Si, 0.3%Fe, 1.2%Cu, 0.4%Mn, 0.9%Mg and rest aluminum was selected as a matrix because it has excellent casting properties with reasonable strength. Garnet mineral was used as a reinforcing material for the preparation of the composite materials. Minerals are naturally occurring substances and are highly cost-effective. Garnet is basically a silicate, abundantly available and having hardness of 6.5–7.5 mho. It is chemically inert at high temperature. The percentage of garnet taken was 10 and 15 wt% with different particles size ranges (50–75 µm and 106–125 µm).