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Muck management in infrastructure projects
Published in Daniele Peila, Giulia Viggiani, Tarcisio Celestino, Tunnels and Underground Cities: Engineering and Innovation meet Archaeology, Architecture and Art, 2020
Earliest instances of use of soil for construction works can be traced back to 4000 BC. Brick is one of the major building materials that have been in use since over thousands of years. Brick is usually composed of clay. A brick can be composed of clay-bearing soil, sand, and lime, or concrete materials. Bricks are produced in numerous classes, types, materials, and sizes which vary with region and time period, and are produced in bulk quantities. Two basic categories of bricks are fired and non-fired bricks. Block is a similar term referring to a rectangular building unit composed of similar materials but is usually larger than a brick. Lightweight bricks (also called lightweight blocks) are made from expanded clay aggregate.
Muck management in infrastructure projects
Published in Daniele Peila, Giulia Viggiani, Tarcisio Celestino, Tunnels and Underground Cities: Engineering and Innovation meet Archaeology, Architecture and Art, 2019
Earliest instances of use of soil for construction works can be traced back to 4000 BC. Brick is one of the major building materials that have been in use since over thousands of years. Brick is usually composed of clay. A brick can be composed of clay-bearing soil, sand, and lime, or concrete materials. Bricks are produced in numerous classes, types, materials, and sizes which vary with region and time period, and are produced in bulk quantities. Two basic categories of bricks are fired and non-fired bricks. Block is a similar term referring to a rectangular building unit composed of similar materials but is usually larger than a brick. Lightweight bricks (also called lightweight blocks) are made from expanded clay aggregate.
Materials
Published in Bjørn N. Sandaker, Arne P. Eggen, Mark R. Cruvellier, The Structural Basis of Architecture, 2019
Bjørn N. Sandaker, Arne P. Eggen, Mark R. Cruvellier
Today, by volume concrete is the most utilized building material. It is produced by mixing cement, water, and aggregate, the latter usually made up of crushed stone or gravel and sand. (Ill. 5.19.) Aggregate comprises approximately 70 percent of concrete’s total volume, critically contributing to the material’s hardness and compression strength. Lightweight concretes can be made by substituting light (e.g., expanded clay) aggregate for the crushed stone that is typically used. Cement is a fine, gray powder manufactured from a number of raw materials that are dominated by lime and gypsum, and what are called hydraulic cements set and harden after combining with water, thereby becoming an effective “glue” that binds the different materials together. The compression strength of concrete is highly dependent on the ratio of water to cement in the mix, which can be readily set according to specific needs. Beyond a certain minimum water content needed to ensure that all of the cement will chemically react and harden, it can be stated as a general rule that the less water is added to the concrete mix the higher will be its resulting strength; a typical water-to-cement weight ratio is approximately 1:2. There are also a large number of additives available that can be added to the base mix of cement, water, and aggregate in order to improve or alter the characteristics of concrete.
Evaluation of the optimum value of lightweight expanded clay aggregate incorporation into the roller-compacted concrete pavement through experimental measurement of mechanical and thermal properties
Published in International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 2022
Alireza Mahpour, Mohammad Hashemi, Iman Asadi, Kezhen Yan, Lingyun You, Mehdi Maghfouri, Babak Haerinia
The conventional aggregate can be replaced by Lightweight aggregate (LWA) to produce a lighter material. LWA could be divided into two groups; the first group occurs naturally, and the second group is manufactured. The second group may be divided into naturally occurring materials that need further processing (expanded clay, shale, slate, and perlite) and by-products (Neville and Brooks 2008). A popular method for producing artificial LWA involves burning clay at a high temperature (i.e. from 1100°C to 1300°C) in a rotary kiln to create a lightweight expanded clay aggregate (LECA). LECA is produced in over 20 countries. LWA concrete has been successfully used for several applications for decades and is also known for its high strength to weight ratio, better heat insulation, sound absorption, frost resistance, low coefficient of thermal expansion, good tensile strength, and increased durability (Mouli and Khelafi 2008, Shafigh et al. 2010, Maghsoudi et al. 2011).
Durability assessment of basalt fiber polymer as reinforcement to expanded clay concrete in harsh environment
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2021
Paschal Chimeremeze Chiadighikaobi, Hayder A. A. Ashour Alaraza, Nmecha Udo Ibeh, Milad Ahmad Niazmand, Muritala A Adegoke, Bewuket Bekele Tefera, Jean Paul Vladimir
An expanded clay aggregate is a lightweight aggregate from clay. The clay is dried, heated, and burned in rotary kilns at 1100–1300 °C inhabiting essential properties like lightweight, insulating, strong, non-combustible, and fire-resistant, extremely stable, and durable, natural material for sustainable construction, versatility, and high drainage capacity (Md et al., 2016; Sepehr et al., 2014; Shafigh et al., 2011; Slater et al., 2012; Zendehzaban et al., 2013). The chemical composition of lightweight expanded clay aggregate according to the analysis of different authors is illustrated in Table 1. Quartz sand of 0.6–1.2 mm fraction as fine aggregate with fineness modulus of 2.7 = 585 kg/m3 as the fine aggregate.
Expanded clay basalt fiber concrete: Solving structural defects caused by water penetration
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2021
Paschal Chimeremeze Chiadighikaobi, Bewuket Bekele Tefera, Tarka Rilwan Olakunbi, Jean Paul Vladimir
Lightweight expanded clay aggregate (LECA) is a lightweight aggregate. But the low volume weight, high water-absorbing capacity, and low strength are the main challenging during design, production, and construction. However, these can be modified by adding chopped basalt fiber. The chopped basalt fiber serves as an admixture or reinforcement. Both expanded clay aggregate (ECA) and basalt fiber (BF) are concrete materials with high-water absorption rate. These materials are excellent for use in areas that experience many waterlogs that penetrate the concrete walls and floor slaps (LECA). ECA is an inert lightness substance that does not contain harmful materials, it has a natural pH value of about 7. It is not damaged by water and it is moisture impermeable, non-combustible, non-biodegradable, and non-decomposition against severe conditions (RILEM TC-196, 2007). LECA concrete or mortar has a lower E-modulus which leads to a lower crack tendency due to lower tensile stress induced by the same strain (Lopez et al., 2008).