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Vibrational Spectroscopy
Published in Grinberg Nelu, Rodriguez Sonia, Ewing’s Analytical Instrumentation Handbook, Fourth Edition, 2019
Peter Fredericks, Llewellyn Rintoul, John Coates
A relatively new approach of handling solids is to use diamond as a sampling aid. There are two types of accessory, the diamond anvil cell and diamond-based internal reflection (ATR) accessories (this latter technique will be discussed later, in “Reflectance Measurements”). In the case of the diamond anvil cell, the solid is compressed between two parallel diamond faces to produce a thin film of the material. The spectrum is measured by transmission through the diamond anvils. Diamond transmits throughout most of mid-IR, with the exception of a region centered around 2000 cm−1, where a single broad absorption occurs. A beam condenser (or a microscope) is normally required to improve throughput, because of the small size of the diamonds, and resultant small aperture. One advantage of this approach is that the high mechanical strength of the diamonds provides a means for sampling hard materials—a high pressure can be generated between the two diamond faces, enabling most materials to be compressed.
Carbon-dioxide capture, storage and conversion techniques in different sectors – a case study
Published in International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization, 2023
Direct air capture (DAC) aims to remove low-concentration CO2 from the atmosphere in addition to point source carbon capture. Because of this, the cost of capturing CO2 from DAC sources is significantly higher than the cost of capturing CO2 from high CO2 emission sources. DAC costs currently range from 94–232 on a pilot scale, depending on the technology used. Costs are expected to fall to 60 by 2040, accelerating the commercial viability of this technology(Ozkan et al. 2022).
Past, present, and the future of the research and commercialization of CVD diamond in China
Published in Functional Diamond, 2022
As discussed in the previous sections, the electronic properties of the single crystal diamond are much better than the polycrystalline diamond. Therefore, it is now considered as the suitable candidate for the R&D of the “Ultimate Semiconductor”. This will be discussed in details in next section. Single crystal diamond detectors have already been successfully used as the beam monitor of the Chinese Spallation Neutron Source [110], and also been tested for the irradiation damage limit at a proton fluence as high as 1.7x1017p/cm2 in the high luminance proton beam cyclotron accelerator in the Chinese Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) [114]. High purity single crystal diamond has been used for the R&D in quantum applications [116]. Very recently, large size CVD single crystal diamond has also been successfully used as the soft X-ray window for small angle X-ray scattering in situ loading test in the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Source [131]. Diamond Anvil Cell (DAC) is the only instrument which can be used at high pressures in the million atmospheric pressure range at a temperature up to 2000 °C. At the same time, multi-inspection techniques including the optical microscopy, photo-spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-Ray diffraction, etc. can all be employed. These facilities are indispensable in the research in ultrahigh pressure physics, chemistry, geology, material synthesis, etc. In this particular application field, high quality and large size single crystal diamond is absolutely needed. DAC is widely used in China [132–134]. However, in the past most of the DACs were fabricated with natural diamonds which were gradually replaced by the CVD single crystal diamond in the recent years. However, DAC neutron scattering at ultrahigh pressures is not very successful up to now because of the large scattering angle and low intensity scattered beam particularly with the low atomic number elements such as hydrogen, deuterium and tritium which can be clearly distinguished by the neutron scattering but not by the X-Ray diffraction. Same applies to nitrogen, helium, lithium, beryllium, boron etc. In the case of neutron scattering, much larger size diamond single crystals with high fracture strength and high fracture toughness are needed, but it is difficult to fabricate them.