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Fibre reinforcements
Published in A.R. Bunsell, S. Joannès, A. Thionnet, Fundamentals of Fibre Reinforced Composite Materials, 2021
R. Bunsell, S. Joannes, A. Thionnet
Glass filaments have been formed since Roman times and before. More recently the production of fine glass filaments was demonstrated in Great Britain in the nineteenth century and used as a substitute for asbestos in Germany during the First World War. In 1931 two American firms, Owens-Illinois Glass Company and Corning Glass Works developed a method of spinning glass filaments from the melt through spinnerets. The two firms formed a separate company in 1938 called Owens-Corning Fiberglass. Since that time extensive use of glass fibres has been made. Initially the glass fibres were destined for filters and textile uses however the development of heat setting resins opened up the possibility of fibre reinforced composites and in the years following the Second World War the fibre took a dominant role in this type of material. Today, by far the greatest amount of advanced composite materials is reinforced with glass fibres.
Applications of Fiber Optic Sensors
Published in Shizhuo Yin, Paul B. Ruffin, Francis T. S. Yu, Fiber Optic Sensors, 2017
Advanced composite materials are now routinely used for manufacturing engineering structures such as aerospace structures (e.g., parts of airplane wings). Compared with metallic materials, advanced composite materials can have higher fatigue resistance, lighter weight, higher strength-to-weight ratio, the capability of obtaining complex shapes, and no corrosion. Hence, the use of composite materials with embedded FBG systems can lead to a reduction in weight, inspection intervals, and maintenance cost of aircraft—and, consequently, to an improvement in performance [32]. However, there is a major challenge in realizing real-time health and usage monitoring in service with an onboard sensor system. A distributed FBG sensor system could be ideally suitable for such an application. Because FBG sensors are sensitive to both strain and temperature, it is essential to measure strain and temperature simultaneously in order to correct the thermally induced strain for static strain measurement. A simple and effective method often used is to employ an unstrained temperature reference FBG, but this approach is not suitable in all cases; for example, for FBG sensors embedded in composites. A number of approaches have been proposed for the simultaneous measurement of strain and temperature [4,33,34], but some issues may need to be addressed:
Introduction to Composite Materials
Published in Robert M. Jones, Mechanics of Composite Materials, 2018
The adjective advanced in advanced fiber-reinforced composite materials is used to distinguish composite materials with ultrahigh strength and stiffness fibers such as boron and graphite from some of the more-familiar, but less-capable fibers such as glass. Such advanced composite materials have two major advantages, among many others: improved strength and stiffness, especially when compared with other materials on a unit weight basis. For example, composite materials can be made that have the same strength and stiffness as high-strength steel, yet are 70% lighter! Other advanced composite materials are as much as three times as strong as aluminum, the common aircraft structural material, yet weigh only 60% as much! Moreover, as has already been noted, composite materials can be tailored to efficiently meet design requirements of strength, stiffness, and other parameters, all in various directions. These advantages will lead to new aircraft and spacecraft designs that are radical departures from past efforts based on conventional materials. However, the aerospace industry was attracted to titanium in the 1950s for similar reasons, but found serious disadvantages after the investment of many millions of dollars in research, development, and tooling. That unfortunate experience with titanium caused a more cautious, yet more deliberately complete and well-balanced approach to composite materials development. The advantages of composite materials are so compelling that research and development is being conducted across broad fronts instead of just down the most obvious paths. Whole organizations have sprung up to analyze, design, and fabricate parts made of composite materials. The strength and stiffness advantages of advanced composite materials will be discussed in Section 1.3.1, cost advantages in Section 1.3.2, and weight advantages in Section 1.3.3.
Analytical bending stiffness model of composite shaft with breathing fatigue crack
Published in Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 2023
Mo Yang, Hao Xuan, Wei Xiong, Dezheng Liu, Yuebin Zhou, Wen Zhang
The advanced composite materials, such as carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) and functionally graded materials (FGMs), have advantages of high mechanical performance, high designable, multi-functional, etc. [1, 2]. The CFRP is being widely used in aircraft, automotive, shipbuilding, and various mechanical equipment [3]. CFRP shaft is a new type of high-performance transmission component that is prone to damage and crack during the manufacturing process or in case of collision due to the non-uniformity, anisotropy, and impact sensitivity of the CFRP materials. The crack is one of the major faults of rotating components, which must be found as soon as possible to avoid catastrophic machine failure caused by crack propagation [4]. The crack will lead to the dynamic behavior change of the shaft. It is helpful to judge the state of the crack by detecting the dynamic characteristics of the rotating shaft, which is of great significance to the long-term safe operation of the rotor system [5].
Improved thermo-mechanical-viscoelastic analysis of laminated composite structures via the enhanced Lo–Christensen–Wu theory in the laplace domain
Published in Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 2023
Sy-Ngoc Nguyen, Maenghyo Cho, Jun-Sik Kim, Jang-Woo Han
In recent years, the demand for advanced composite materials in various engineering fields has rapidly increased in an attempt to mitigate carbon dioxide emissions—a significant global environmental issue. An advantage of composite materials is their ability to embody multifunctional characteristics that depend on the properties of reinforced fibers and resins. Furthermore, particularly in the case of laminated composite structures, they can possess excellent mechanical performance, such as a high stiffness-to-weight ratio. However, considering the manufacturing process of laminated composite structures, they can be vulnerable to transverse stresses; thus, mechanical imperfections such as delamination and slip at the layer interface can be induced. Therefore, it is necessary to accurately predict the through-the-thickness distribution of the transverse stresses to design the structural reliability of laminated composite structures.
Machine Learning Based Quantitative Damage Monitoring of Composite Structure
Published in International Journal of Smart and Nano Materials, 2022
Xinlin Qing, Yunlai Liao, Yihan Wang, Binqiang Chen, Fanghong Zhang, Yishou Wang
Advanced composite materials have been widely used in many industries to reduce the weight of structures, improve efficiency and reduce operating costs because of the advantages of high specific strength and stiffness, designable mechanical properties, and easy integral molding. However, it is very difficult to analyze the integrity and durability of composite structures due to their own characteristics and the complexity of loads and use environments. SHM is a revolutionary and innovative technology for determining the structural integrity of composite structures. But in the face of complex damage modes of composite structures and their service environments, most of these SHM methods have limitations to accurately and quantitatively monitor the damages in composite structures. With the rapid development of machine learning and application in SHM, it provides a good opportunity for more accurate and robust damage monitoring of composite structures in complex service environments.