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The Anthrosphere
Published in Stanley E. Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 2022
In considering life cycles, it is important to note that commerce can be divided into the two broad categories of products and services. Whereas most commercial activity used to be concentrated on providing large quantities of goods and products, demand has been largely satisfied for some segments of the population, and the wealthier economies are moving more to a service-based system. The commerce that occurs in a modern society consists of a mixture of services and goods. The trend toward a service economy offers two major advantages with respect to waste minimization. Obviously, a pure service involves little material. Second, a service provider is in a much better position to control materials to ensure that they are recycled and to control wastes, ensuring their proper disposal. A commonly cited example is that of photocopy machines. They provide a service, and a heavily used copy machine requires frequent maintenance and cleaning. The parts of such a machine and the consumables, such as toner cartridges, consist of materials that eventually have to be discarded or recycled. In this case, it is often reasonable for the provider to lease the machine to users, taking responsibility for its maintenance and ultimate fate.
The Anthrosphere: Industrial Ecology and Green Chemistry
Published in Stanley Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 2017
In considering life cycles, it is important to note that commerce can be divided into the two broad categories of products and services. Whereas most commercial activity used to be concentrated on providing large quantities of goods and products, demand has been largely satisfied for some segments of the population, and the wealthier economies are moving more to a service-based system. The commerce that occurs in a modern society consists of a mixture of services and goods. The trend toward a service economy offers two major advantages with respect to waste minimization. Obviously, a pure service involves little material. Second, a service provider is in a much better position to control materials to ensure that they are recycled and to control wastes, ensuring their proper disposal. A commonly cited example is that of photocopy machines. They provide a service, and a heavily used copy machine requires frequent maintenance and cleaning. The parts of such a machine and the consumables, such as toner cartridges, consist of materials that eventually will have to be discarded or recycled. In this case, it is often reasonable for the provider to lease the machine to users, taking responsibility for its maintenance and ultimate fate.
Material Resources in Sustainable Project Management
Published in Anna Brzozowska, Arnold Pabian, Barbara Pabian, Sustainability in Project Management, 2021
Anna Brzozowska, Arnold Pabian, Barbara Pabian
Devices that work with computers and their components are also harmful to humans and the natural environment. An example of this is toner cartridges used in computer printers. Every year more than 375 million empty laser printer toners and inkjet printer cartridges are disposed of worldwide. In order to prevent this problem to some extent, refabricated toner cartridges, i.e., toner cartridges made from parts of original cartridges, are increasingly used (Daniluk 2019: R15).
Preparation of magnetic polyacrylamide hydrogel with chitosan for immobilization of glutamate decarboxylase to produce γ-aminobutyric acid
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2023
Jianjun Wang, Luyao Wang, Chengli Yang, Yihui Zhu, Ziqian Chen, Guanya He, Kaishun Hu, Kaixuan Liu, Beibei Fang, Dali Li, Ruofu Shi
With the rapid changes in science and technology, business economy, etc, demand for modern office equipment such as laser printers has increased dramatically, resulting in the mass production of printing toner.[30] Because of this, according to the data, there is a lot of printing toner wasted every year.[31,32] Printing toner usually contains polystyrene, styrene polymer, iron oxide, etc, and is a microplastic particle in the form of a powder.[31] This type of microplastic particle can cause irreversible toxicity to biological cells, resulting in permanent damage to people’s bodies and serious damage to the environment.[33,34] Therefore, in order to deal with the problem of waste pollution caused by printing toner, people have done a lot of experiments to study the waste utilization of waste toner. Some printing toner has a certain degree of magnetism because it contains ferric oxide components, easier to separate.[35] Ruan and colleagues set up a magnetic recycling waste toner cartridge mechanical production line. Xijie Li and Juzheng Wang used waste toner as a carrier to immobilize enzymes and retain good enzymatic properties.[30,36] In this experiment, waste toner was used to enable good separation of gels by relying on its magnetic properties, which also provided a way for the recycling of waste toner.
Recent progress and scientific challenges in multi-material additive manufacturing via laser-based powder bed fusion
Published in Virtual and Physical Prototyping, 2021
The working principle of electrophotographic powder deposition is similar to that of office laser printers. The latter uses static electricity to print toner particles onto paper following six steps: charging, exposing, developing, transferring, fusing, and cleaning (Schein 1988). Benning and Dalgarno (2018) described a belt-based electrophotographic system for the L-PBF of a single material. Eijk, Mugaas, and Karlsen (2014) reported a bimetallic copper–iron pattern-processed by the electrostatic powder deposition method. Aerosint SA developed a dual-toner cartridge-selective powder-spreading device (Figure 1-c) (Rafiee, Farahani, and Therriault 2020) and successfully employed it for depositing complex patterns comprising SS–copper alloy, as shown in Figure 2-d. The working principle of the device is based on using micro-airflow that can be controlled point by point to attract the powder particles onto a cylindrical mesh. Then they are blown off the mesh and deposited on the build platform to form a design pattern. Inappropriate parameters can cause the powder to fall unintentionally in certain areas, resulting in the contamination of the powder layer (Stichel et al. 2018; Stichel et al. 2020).
Optimisation of reverse supply chain with used-product collection effort under collector’s fairness concerns
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2021
Xiang Li, Xueqing Cui, Yongjian Li, Daqi Xu, Fangchao Xu
The success of remanufacturing business increasingly depends on an efficient collection system, especially providing sufficient motivation for collectors to exert necessary collection effort. In effect, multiple modes of collection effort can be adopted, such as building acquisition networks, hiring people, advertising, etc. (Hong and Yeh 2012). In 2006, the first Chinese self-R&D recycle system for toner cartridge is put into operation. Through collaborating with several community agencies and enterprises to acquire used cartridges, the firm still suffers from a severe insufficiency of used product acquisition. An example in contrast is ReCellular, one of the leading traders of used and remanufactured cellular telephones in the US. Realising the importance of a steady and reliable used product supply, ReCellular devotes substantial effort in establishing cooperative relationships with its serving collectors (Li, Li, and Cai 2016). Thus, sustaining a good inter-firm relationship with collectors plays an important role in RSC management and should be paid close attention by the remanufacturer.