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Radiation Hazards
Published in Dag K. Brune, Christer Edling, Occupational Hazards in the Health Professions, 2020
A survey meter should be used for detecting radioactive contamination that emits gamma rays and/or high-energy beta particles. Potential causes of contamination within the department should be identified and appropriate preventive measures should be taken. All cotton swabs used in maintenance techniques must be handled as possibly contaminated, including those used during dosage preparation and patient injection. Small receptacles near working areas may be used to hold such contaminated waste until transfer is made to the departmental waste storage area. Patients who have received 99mTc and 131I orally present a critical source of contamination, since saliva and mucous secretions contain radioactivity which may contaminate other objects in the room. Care should be taken to cover surfaces that the patient may touch (e.g., the gamma camera collimator) with disposable material such as a plastic wrap. There is also a risk of contamination from urine and feces. A particularly critical contamination problem is the care of 131I therapy patients. Special procedures for care of these patients should be available in every department where 131I therapy is performed.12
Area Monitoring and Contingency Planning
Published in Martha J. Boss, Dennis W. Day, Air Sampling and Industrial Hygiene Engineering, 2020
When radiation levels in an area are normal background, portable survey instruments can be quite effective in detecting certain types of radioactive contamination. Most GM meters can detect 32P with efficiencies exceeding 20%, and 125I can be detected at efficiencies nearing 20% with a thin crystal (Nal) scintillation probe. All survey instruments are only as good as their maintenance. A portable survey meter must be calibrated every 6 months and verified before each use by monitoring a suitable check source.
Testing of Semiconductor Scaled Devices
Published in Balwinder Raj, Ashish Raman, Nanoscale Semiconductors, 2023
The people who think of radiation detection, group themselves as “Geiger-counters”. The most common radiation detector is the “Geiger Mueller (G-M) tube”. Radiation detection devices can be classified by the type of detector element used or by its application. The instruments can be referred as a survey meter or an ion chamber or a frisker probe or a contamination meter.
Dose rate distribution measuring method using personal dosimeters and localization devices
Published in Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 2022
Daisuke Shinma, Yukihiro Murata, Yuichiro Ueno, Akihito Yamaguchi, Masahiro Tomizawa, Toshiya Yamano, Junichi Kitamura
Radiation level measurements are generally carried out by radiation management people using a γ-ray survey meter. In periodic inspections in nuclear power plants, the radiation environment often changed due to nuclide accumulation in pipelines, decontamination operations, and shielding installations. Therefore, the radiation management people have to measure the radiation frequently to determine the latest state of the plant, which results in heavy workloads. Data that contains not only a number of representative points in a large area but also data points in subdivided areas would help to further reduce doses. However, collecting these points would result in more measurement tasks for the management people. Therefore, obtaining detailed dose rate distribution measurements without any additional measurement tasks for the management people is required.