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Hand and power tools
Published in Andrew Livesey, Alan Robinson, The Repair of Vehicle Bodies, 2018
A complete collection of spanners or wrenches is indispensable for the body repair worker. A variety of vehicle body parts, accessories and related parts all utilize common bolt and nut fasteners as well as a range of special fasteners. The word ‘wrench’ means ‘twist’. A wrench is a tool for twisting or holding bolt heads and nuts. The width of the jaw opening determines the size of the spanner, so that it fits around a nut and a bolt head of equal size. The larger the spanner size, the longer the spanner: the extra length provides the user with more leverage to turn the larger nut or bolt. Spanners are drop forged and made from chrome-vanadium steels.
Manufacturing Products
Published in Roger Timings, Basic Manufacturing, 2006
Spanners are used to turn items such as nuts and bolts when assembling and securing components and products made of wood, metal and plastics. The correct size and type of spanner must be used to prevent bolt heads and nuts being damaged and to prevent possible injury to the user. The types of spanner available include open-ended, combination, ring, box, adjustable and socket. Socket spanners must be used with a wrench that may be of the ratchet type or fixed.
Fitting using hand skills
Published in David Salmon, Penny Powdrill, Mechanical Engineering Level 2 NVQ, 2012
Spanners are used for tightening and loosening hexagonal and square head nuts and bolts. All good spanners are made of high-quality alloy steel containing chromium and vanadium to increase their strength and toughness. Most spanner manufacturers supply spanners in a range of metric (mm), English (BSW and BSF) and American (A/F) sizes. Spanners are available in a range of styles to suit almost every job.
Development of metric method and framework model of integrated complexity evaluations of production process for ergonomics workstations
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2019
It can be seen from Table 4 that seven kinds of tools and equipment are required for the welding task. As shown in Figure 4, the position of the welding points on the welding bed and welding gun is in the normal operating space of the human body model. The hammer, support locator, and wrench are in the normal operating range of the horizontal area, but not so in the vertical direction. In the process of operation, it is necessary to bend the waist to operate. The coaxiality locator and the ruler are placed far away from the normal working space. According to Equation (2), the tools and materials reachable ratio R can be calculated as According to the process requirements, there are five tools that need to be used in a fixed order in the stretched arm welding process, namely, welding bed, coaxial locator, support locator, wrench, and welding gun. The rest of the tools, like hammers and rulers, need not be used in a fixed order. Therefore, according to Equation (3), the ratio of tools and equipment used by the fixed order can be calculated as In addition, although there is no designated location in the management area for the tool equipment, the operator, by force of habit and characteristics of the tools like welding torch, welding bed, positioning, supporting device and spanner, keeps them in a fixed position, so that they need not be searched for while in use. Therefore, according to Equation (4), the ratio of tools and equipment placed in a fixed location can be calculated as
Robotic disassembly sequence planning using enhanced discrete bees algorithm in remanufacturing
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2018
Jiayi Liu, Zude Zhou, Duc Truong Pham, Wenjun Xu, Chunqian Ji, Quan Liu
An example is used to calculate the fitness value of the disassembly sequence. If the disassembly sequence is B/C/A/D/E, the corresponding disassembly direction is X+/Z+/X+/Z+/Z+ (Equation (8) is used for calculate the penalty time for disassembly direction changes). The corresponding disassembly tool is Ta/Ta/Td/Td/Te (Equation (15) is used for calculate the penalty time for disassembly tool changes, Ta, Tb, Tc, Td and Te, respectively, mean spanner-I, spanner-II, spanner-III, gripper-I and gripper-II). The moving time is described by Equation (14). Because the basic disassembly time is assumed to be constant, only latter three factors in Equation (13) are variable factors, only the latter three factors in Equation (13) are calculated. The fitness value of this example is calculated by Equation (16).
A function-oriented quality control method for shipbuilding
Published in Ships and Offshore Structures, 2019
Hongdong Wang, Yongjin Guo, Xiaofeng Liang, Hong Yi
The calculation results of impact factors on feature function show that seven failure modes involving processes of entering the cabin of propulsion motor, installation of propulsion motor, installation of stern shaft bearings and vibration isolation equipment significantly impacts the noise control function. From the analysis, the improved construction process can be established as follows: For FM(1,1), adjusting the axial position of the propulsion motor by the vertical support device and measuring with a special ruler to ensure the correct position of output flange.For FM(1,2), running a line through the shafting centre to ensure the shaft hole of motor and the line are concentric.For FM(4,1), checking the quality of the bearing shell surface and the fitting situation of bushing before installation.For FM(4,2), ensuring the correct position when press-fit and infusing grease into the ring groove of vibration isolation structure.For FM(11,1), measuring the axial position of the motor by templet and using laser shaft alignment instrument for centering.For FM(11,2), using special tools to drill bolt holes and deburring.For FM(11,3), adjusting the gap between the base plate and pedestal. Tightening the installation bolt of vibration isolator by the torque spanner wrench.