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Classical Statistics and Modern Machine Learning
Published in Mark Chang, Artificial Intelligence for Drug Development, Precision Medicine, and Healthcare, 2020
Online survey response rates can be very low, a few percent. In addition to refusing participation, terminating surveying during the process, or not answering certain questions, several other non-response patterns are common in online surveys. Response rates can be increased by offering some other type of incentive to the respondents, by contacting respondents several times (follow-up), and by keeping the questionnaire difficulty as low as possible. There is a drawback to using an incentive to garner a response, that is, it introduces a bias. Participation bias or non-response bias refers the potential systematic difference in response between responders and non-responders. To test for non-response bias, a common technique involves comparing the first and fourth quartiles of responses for differences in demographics and key constructs. If there is no significant difference this is an indicator that there might be no non-response bias.
Principles of lean to optimize business outcomes
Published in Patricia Melton Allen, Frances E. Alston, Emily Millikin DeKerchove, Peak Performance, 2019
Patricia Melton Allen, Frances E. Alston, Emily Millikin DeKerchove
Surveys contain a consistent written set of questions that can be delivered by mail, email, or in person. The cost of conducting a survey is low and the amount of data collected can be high; it can also be conducted by multiple individuals, and the data obtained is typically easy to compare and analyze. There are some disadvantages to using a survey for data collection. Typically, if the survey is conducted using mail or email, the response rate can be very low, risking the validity of the data collected. Written surveys, which may be viewed as impersonal, don’t allow respondents to obtain clarification on a confusing question that can bias the response depending on the wording. Survey examples already exist that can be modified to support data collection, but this can also take time. Tips that can be used to strengthen the use of surveys include conducting comprehensive testing of the surveys to reduce the probability of issues associated with the questions due to ambiguity that may introduce potential bias, and soliciting feedback from survey participants as soon as the survey has been completed.
Methods of Evaluation
Published in Nancy J. Stone, Chaparro Alex, Joseph R. Keebler, Barbara S. Chaparro, Daniel S. McConnell, Introduction to Human Factors, 2017
Nancy J. Stone, Chaparro Alex, Joseph R. Keebler, Barbara S. Chaparro, Daniel S. McConnell
A couple of disadvantages to using a questionnaire include the inability to interact with the respondent during the completion of the survey and the lower response rates. When administering questionnaires, it is not possible to clarify respondents’ questions about the survey and the researcher cannot ask follow-up questions, if clarification is needed. This reiterates the importance of making sure your survey items are well written. As many researchers will agree, writing quality questionnaires is not an easy task and can sometimes take several years to get it just right. Another disadvantage of the use of questionnaires is the tendency to get a poor response rate. Typically, less than 10% of the targeted population responds to a questionnaire. A response rate of 30% is considered to be quite good when administering organizational surveys. Yet, not all returned surveys are useful, as some of the questionnaires returned might be incomplete or inaccurate. Providing an incentive, such as a gift card or chance to win a prize in a drawing, to respondents sometimes helps to increase the response rate and quality.
Drinking and driving among Whites and Hispanics on and off the US/Mexico border in California
Published in Traffic Injury Prevention, 2023
Raul Caetano, Patrice A. C. Vaeth, Paul J. Gruenewald, William R. Ponicki, Zoe Kaplan
Both the survey overall cooperation rate and the response rate, using version #4 of the American Association for Public Opinion Research (American Association for Public Opinion Research 2016), were different between the Central Valley and the border samples. The response rate estimates the percentage of respondents who completed an interview over the total number of eligible respondents in the sample. The cooperation rate estimates the percentage of households with positive contacts with survey personnel over all households contacted. Cooperation and response rates for the Central Valley were 95% and 72.5%, while on the border they were 12% and 7%. These low rates in Imperial County may have resulted from time overlap between the survey and the COVID-19 pandemic, which disproportionately affected this county, where 85% of the population is Hispanic. Responses to the survey invitation on the border may have been also affected by repressive immigration policies at the time by the U.S. federal administration.
Built environment transformation in Nigeria: the effects of a regenerative framework
Published in Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 2023
Oluwagbemiga Paul Agboola, Badr Saad Alotaibi, Yakubu Aminu Dodo, Mohammed Awad Abuhussain, Maher Abuhussain
For satisfactory data gathering and removal of bias, stratified random sampling was adopted. Stratified sampling involves dividing the population into homogeneous subgroups (strata) based on certain characteristics. In this case, the strata have been determined by specific factors related to the built environment or location within southwestern Nigeria. By sampling within each stratum, we ensure that different segments of the population are represented. This sampling technique allows for a more representative and accurate analysis of the different predictors, impacts of climate change, and regenerative factors within the built environment in southwestern Nigeria. According to Creswell (2012), using stratified sampling in conjunction with probability sampling is the most effective technique for minimising bias. A total of 314 survey questionnaires were distributed, and 235 were retrieved and deemed suitable for analysis. To calculate the response rate, we divided the number of retrieved questionnaires by the number of distributed questionnaires and then multiplied by 100 to get the percentage. Therefore, the response rate stood at approximately 74.84%, which was a justifiable percentage (Moser and Kalton 1971). According to the literature, when employing the questionnaire method, a response rate exceeding 30% is commonly regarded as a satisfactory and acceptable level (Crimp and Wright 1995).
Does Computer-Mediated Communication Competence Enrich Social Capital? The Mediating Role of Social Networks Sites
Published in International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 2023
Thi-Kim-Hien Le, Manh-Tuan Nguyen, Sheng-Tun Li
For data collection, we acquired the list of corporate partners with the University of Economics and Law in Ho Chi Minh City. These are well-known companies in Vietnam and include domestic and multinational firms. From this list, we randomly chose 50 companies and contacted representatives of each by phone or personal visits to explain the purpose of our research and to inquire whether the company would be willing to participate. Finally, 40 companies agreed to participate in this study; the names of the 40 participating firms are withheld in this paper due to nondisclosure agreements. The participating companies’ liaison personnel are all our former university students, and we asked them to randomly distribute the questionnaires to 10 employees of their companies. Employee participation in our survey was voluntary. We entered all participants in our survey in a lottery for convenience store gift certificates to increase the response rate. Additionally, we sent several survey invitations by email to the selected employees to increase the response rate. Eventually, a total of 400 questionnaires were distributed, and all of them were returned. We excluded 63 responses in which the respondents failed to complete all of the survey questions or failed to correctly respond to the reverse questions that were included in the survey for this purpose. Finally, 337 valid responses were acquired, yielding a valid return rate of 89.87%.