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Measures of Association and Public Health Impact
Published in Frank R. Spellman, Fundamentals of Wastewater-Based Epidemiology, 2021
A rate ratio compares or measures the incidence rates, person-time rates, or mortality rates of two groups. As with risk ratio, the two groups are typically singled out or differentiated by demographic factors or by exposure to a suspected causative agent. The rate for the group of primary interest is divided by the rate for the comparison group. Riskratio=RateforgroupofprimaryinterestRateforcomparisongroup
The elite player performance plan: the impact of a new national youth development strategy on injury characteristics in a premier league football academy
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2018
Craig Tears, Paul Chesterton, Mark Wijnbergen
A total of 882 injuries were registered over the 6 year period, divided into 486 injuries during the first three years of the study (pre-EPPP) and 396 injuries during the last three years of the study (post-EPPP). Each player sustained on average 1.43 injuries per season, with more injuries per player per season in the pre-EPPP period (1.57) compared to post-EPPP (1.28). The total injury incidence was 2.5 injuries per 1000 hours over the 6 year period (match 24.1; training 1.5). The total injury incidence pre-EPPP was 3.0 (match 23.5; training 1.9) and the injury incidence post-EPPP was 2.1 (match 24.6; training 1.2). The rate ratio for the total injury incidence between pre- and post-EPPP was 1.43. Comparison of the rate ratio for injuries in matches was 0.95 and training 1.58. Approximately 6% of all injuries were re-injuries. Re-injuries (20.24 ± 33.43 days) did not result in a substantial longer absence compared to the initial injury (16.56 ± 15.77 days). A summary of the mechanisms and severity of the injuries pre- and post-EPPP are displayed in Table 1.
Association of climate factors and air pollutants with pneumonia incidence in Lampang province, Thailand: findings from a 12-year longitudinal study
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Apaporn Ruchiraset, Kraichat Tantrakarnapa
Table 3 presents the incidence rate ratio (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals in parentheses of all Models. IRRs can be used to interpret the variables. If the IRR is less than 1.0, then an increase in the value of the variable is associated with a significant increase in weekly pneumonia cases. Conversely, if the IRR is much greater than 1.0, an increase in the value of the variable is associated with a significant decline in weekly pneumonia cases. Otherwise, the variable has no effect on weekly pneumonia cases. For instance, the IRRs of O3 (0.99, CI(0.98–0.99)) in the Model 2A imply that weekly pneumonia cases will approximately decrease by 1% for every unit (ppb) increase in ozone.
Playing surface and UK professional rugby union injury risk
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2018
Craig Ranson, Jonathan George, James Rafferty, John Miles, Isabel Moore
Bootstrapping was used to calculate confidence intervals for mean severity (days-lost) for each injury (Efron & Tibshirani, 1994). A non-parametric test, the Kolmogrov-Smirnov two sample test (Massey, 1951), was used to compare injury severity on each surface. For all the above tests, 90% confidence, or a p-value of less than 0.1, was taken to be the value at which the null hypothesis was rejected. An incidence rate ratio of 1.43 (moderate effect) (Hopkins, 2010) was chosen as the smallest worthwhile effect. Consequently, an incidence rate ratio of 1.43, with 80% power and a 90% confidence interval the minimum sample size required was 28 matches (1107 match-hours) on each surface.