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Classical Statistics and Modern Machine Learning
Published in Mark Chang, Artificial Intelligence for Drug Development, Precision Medicine, and Healthcare, 2020
Online survey response rates can be very low, a few percent. In addition to refusing participation, terminating surveying during the process, or not answering certain questions, several other non-response patterns are common in online surveys. Response rates can be increased by offering some other type of incentive to the respondents, by contacting respondents several times (follow-up), and by keeping the questionnaire difficulty as low as possible. There is a drawback to using an incentive to garner a response, that is, it introduces a bias. Participation bias or non-response bias refers the potential systematic difference in response between responders and non-responders. To test for non-response bias, a common technique involves comparing the first and fourth quartiles of responses for differences in demographics and key constructs. If there is no significant difference this is an indicator that there might be no non-response bias.
Reducing child restraint misuse: national survey of awareness and use of inspection stations
Published in Traffic Injury Prevention, 2020
Sharon Levi, Hyunshik Lee, Weijia Ren, Shawn McCloskey, Adele Polson
There are several potential study limitations. First, although the rate of survey completion among eligible households that participated was high, the overall response rates for the AACPSIR Survey were lower than anticipated. In addition, the sample primarily consisted of urban households and households with a higher than average household income. The respondent population was also unique and carefully defined as adults who drive children aged 0–9 on a regular basis. While weighting procedures were used, these unique characteristics point to potential participation bias that should be considered in examining the research findings. In addition, interpretation of the study results should be considered in light of the potential impact of social desirability bias on part of the survey respondents who may be inclined to over report positive safety attitudes and behaviors.