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Computer-Based Instrumentation: Sensors for In-Line Measurements
Published in Gauri S. Mittal, Computerized Control Systems in the Food Industry, 2018
Span: the range of measured variable that a sensor can measure.Least-count: the smallest difference of measured variable that can be detected by a sensor.Readability: the closeness with which the scale of a sensor can be read in analog output. A sensor with a 30-cm scale would have a higher readability than a sensor with a 15-cm scale and the same span. In digital output, readability will be the relative size of the letters.Sensitivity: the change in output of the sensor with the unit change in input variable to be measured; e.g., if a 1-mV recorder has a 5-cm scale length, its sensitivity would be 5 cm/mV.Accuracy: the deviation of the output of a sensor from a known measured input. Accuracy is usually expressed as a percentage of full scale reading; e.g., a 100-kPa pressure transducer having an accuracy of 1% would be accurate within ± 1 kPa over the entire range.Precision: the ability of a sensor to reproduce a certain output with a given accuracy.
Safety evaluation of horizontal curves on two lane rural highways using machine learning algorithms: A priority-based study for sight distance improvements
Published in Traffic Injury Prevention, 2023
Dharma Teja Godumula, K. V. R. Ravi Shankar
In this study, only three types of vehicles were considered, such as passenger cars (CARS), two wheelers (2 W), commercial vehicles (CV). Kinovea 0.9.4 version video analysis software was used for marking trap length and extracting speed data by inbuilt stopwatch method with a least count as 0.04 sec. The distance along a highway within which a vehicle (driver’s eye at 1.2 meters above the carriageway) can detect the presence of an unexpected object (0.15 meters above the ground), lying ahead and standing at a certain height, is known as the available sight distance. By using ranging rods, for every 10 m, the available sight distance was noted in the field. In the present study, site locations are on a flat terrain (gradient < 4%). One of the past studies suggested that the effect of gradient on speed of the vehicle is negligible in case the gradient is less than 5% (Russo et al. 2016). The dataset comprises speed data, geometric data of 18 horizontal curves (each lane was considered separately). A total of 3042 free flowing vehicles (i.e. headway > 8 sec) speeds were extracted and used in the analysis.
Effect of long–term storage on the fatty-acid profile of biodiesel and its impact on key ultrasonic properties of biodiesels and blends
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Chittepu Obula Reddy, Yanala Srinivasa Reddy, Maringanti Subhadra, Kurapati Rajagopal
The dynamic viscosity was measured with the help of Ostwald’s viscometer (Borosilicate glass; Make-Thomas Scientifics, New Jersey, USA; 10 ml capacity) that was calibrated using distilled water at the room temperature 301 K. The calibration constant was 0.014 cSt. Before the measurements, the error was found in the process of determination of viscosity. The error in the measurement of dynamic viscosity of distilled water was 1.89% against standard value 0.8324 mPa-s at 28°C. The determination of viscosity was done by measuring the time of flow of the fixed volume of samples with the aid of digital stopwatch of least count 0.01 s. The measured time difference between the two trials did not exceed by 0.09 s. For every sample, two trials were made and the average time was recorded. Thereby viscosity of both the biodiesels and blends was estimated with the help of density and ultrasonic velocity data available in the previous study of the same samples (Reddy et al. 2020) (Equation (1)).
Binuclear ruthenium(II) complexes of 4,4′-azopyridine bridging ligand as anticancer agents: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro cytotoxicity studies
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2019
Priyanka Khanvilkar, Ramadevi Pulipaka, Kavita Shirsath, Ranjitsinh Devkar, Debjani Chakraborty
A Cannon–Ubbelohde viscometer was used to measure the relative viscosity of DNA. The viscosity measurements of DNA (200 µM) solutions were carried out at a constant temperature of 32.0 ± 0.1 °C in the presence of C1–C4 at [complex]/[DNA] ratio of 0, 0.04, 0.08, 0.12, 0.16 and 0.20 in Tris–HCl buffer (pH 7.2). Digital stopwatch with least count of 0.01 s was used for flow time measurement with accuracy of ±0.1 s. The flow time of each sample was measured three times and an average flow time was calculated. Data are presented as (η/η0)1/3versus [complex]/[DNA], where η is the viscosity of DNA in the presence of complex and η0 is the viscosity of DNA alone. Viscosity values were calculated from the observed flow time of DNA-containing solutions (t) corrected for that of the buffer alone (t0), η = (t – t0)/t0 [43].