China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
A Whole System Approach to Sustainable Design
Published in Peter Stasinopoulos, Michael H. Smith, Karlson ‘Charlie’ Hargroves, Cheryl Desha, Whole System Design, 2013
Peter Stasinopoulos, Michael H. Smith, Karlson ‘Charlie’ Hargroves, Cheryl Desha
Examples of how a Whole System Approach can lead to big advances are now very common: Whole System Design improvements mean that refrigerators today use significantly less energy than those built in the early 1980s. In Australia the average refrigerator being purchased is 50 per cent more efficient than the ones bought in the early 1980s. But a Whole System Approach to Sustainable Design motivates the designer to see if this could still be improved. As Chapter 5 will show, the latest innovations in materials science from Europe mean that there are now better insulating materials available that will allow the next generation of refrigerators to be still more energy efficient.A Whole System Approach to Sustainable Design involves setting a high stretch goal of seeking to design a system as sustainably and cost effectively as possible. The laptop computer is a classic case study, because it shows what happens when you give engineers a stretch goal. In this case the stretch goal was that computer companies needed laptops to be 80 per cent more efficient than desktop computers so that the computer could run off a battery. With this stretch goal the engineers delivered a solution through Whole System Design.The built environment is another major area where many are now taking a Whole System Approach to Sustainable Design. In Melbourne, Australia, the 60L Green Building demonstrated what is possible through retrofitting old buildings with a Whole System Design Approach. This commercial building now uses over 65 per cent less energy and over 90 per cent less water than a conventional commercial building. It features many innovations, using the latest in stylish office amenities completely made from recycled materials.Whole System Approaches to Design also can help metal processing and industrial processes. Developed in Australia, Ausmelt was a totally new smelting process for base metals that increased the capacity of metal producers to repeatedly recycle the planet's finite mineral resources. The technology has since been further developed to reprocess toxic wastes such as the cyanide – and fluorine-contaminated pot-lining from aluminium smelters. The Sirosmelt, Ausmelt and Isasmelt technologies have become the system of choice as smelting companies slowly modernize internationally.
Mine-to-smelter integration framework for regional development of porphyry copper deposits within the Chilean context
Published in Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 2022
R. Wilson, K. Perez, N. Toro, R. Parra, P. J. Mackey, A. Navarra
Glencore’s ISASMELTTM process uses TSL bath smelting technology, first commercialised in 1992 at Mount Isa Mines [51]. Compared to other methods, which inject gases into the reaction vessel via tuyeres, this technology allows for the design of a stationary furnace [52]. The lance is submerged in the slag, which creates a turbulent molten bath and permits raw feed materials to quickly react beneath the surface [51]. This technology was selected mainly owing to its proven commercial success (combined smelting capacity exceeding 10 Mt/y; [51]), flexibility to handle a wide range of concentrate compositions [53], and scalability (e.g. ∼150,000 t/y accepted at the Aurubis Lunen smelter, Germany (even if treating copper scrap as feed) vs. ∼1.4 Mt/y processed at the Vedanta Tuticorin smelter, India; [51]).
Converter processing of platinum group metals
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, 2019
Lloyd R. Nelson, Gregory A. Georgalli, Keith L. Hines, Rodney J. Hundermark
Technology development also extended to: ‘converter-less’ Outotec direct nickel flash smelting (DON) (Table 3) (Mäkinen et al. 2005; Suikkanen et al. 2014);operation using single top submerged lance (TSL) bath converting by secondary producers and recyclers (usually with 2 or 3 process stages – both Ausmelt, now Outotec, and Isasmelt – Table 3) (Mounsey et al. 1998; Vanbellen and Chintinne 2006); and, most recently,a single down-the-lance (to limit loss of valuable PGM to dust) solid matte fed TSL Anglo Converting Process bath converter (ACP) (Table 2) (Viviers and Hines 2005).
Modelling of liquid phases and metal distributions in copper converters: transferring process fundamentals to plant practice
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, 2019
E. Jak, T. Hidayat, D. Shishin, P. J. Mackey, P. C. Hayes
The options investigated all involve the use of IsaSmelt for the smelting stage in combination with (i) Peirce Smith converter, (ii) IsaConvert with calcium ferrite slag and (iii) IsaConvert with ferrous calcium silicate slag. These processes and the corresponding material flows are shown schematically in Figure 25.