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Surface Preparation
Published in Karan Sotoodeh, Coating Application for Piping, Valves and Actuators in Offshore Oil and Gas Industry, 2023
A grinding machine, also simply called a grinder, is a type of power or machine tool that is used for grinding. The main feature of a grinder is an abrasive wheel that acts as a cutting tool. The abrasive wheel is made of several abrasive grains that cut small chips from the workpiece. Figure 2.52 illustrates a worker cleaning a welding seam on a piece of steel. The abrasive disk or wheel in the grinder, also called a coated abrasive tool, acts like sandpaper but with mechanical power. Figure 2.53 illustrates a worker grinding welded metal spatter from the substrate with an electrical (power) wheel grinding machine. The sharp edge of a square cross-section area of metal is being ground and rounded in Figure 2.54. Both hand and power tool cleaning surface preparation methods are covered by the ISO 8504-3 standard.
Grinding machines and processes
Published in Roger Timings, Engineering Fundamentals, 2007
Figure 12.15 shows the relative geometrical movements and alignments for a horizontal spindle, reciprocating table grinding machine. You can see that they have a close similarity to those of a horizontal milling machine. This is not surprising since both machines are designed to produce plain surfaces using a cylindrical, rotating cutter whose axis is horizontal. The important difference is that whereas the milling machine is concerned with high rates of material removal, the surface grinding machine is designed to produce a surface of high dimensional accuracy and to a high standard of surface finish but with a low rate of material removal. Surface grinding is essentially a finishing process.
Grinding Operations and Machines
Published in Zainul Huda, Machining Processes and Machines, 2020
Grinding machines produce flat, cylindrical, and other surfaces by means of high-speed rotating abrasive wheels (see Section 11.1). A grinding machine consists of a bed with a fixture to guide and hold the workpiece and a power-driven grinding wheel rotating at the required speed. The grinding head can either travel across a fixed workpiece, or the workpiece can be moved while the grinding head stays in a fixed position. In order to avoid overheating, grinding machines incorporate a coolant. There are several types of grinding machines; however, the following three types of machines are generally used: (a) surface grinding machine, (b) cylindrical grinding machine, and (c) centerless grinding machine.
A study of tolerance allocation and stack-up analysis to improve the assembly precision of an injection mold
Published in Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers, 2023
Yuo-Tern Tsai, Kuan-Hong Lin, Chun-Sheng Chen
Surface grinding can obtain very smooth faces and very precise dimensions. It is suitable for precise processing of very hard materials including the subsequent processing of the general cutting for larger chip removal such as lathe cutting or milling cutting. Surface grinding utilizes a rotational abrasive wheel for removing the material and creating a flat smooth surface. The major components of surface grinding machines have an abrasive wheel, a part-holding device using either electromagnetic or vacuum fixing as a chuck, and a reciprocating moving table. The processing precisions of surface grinding normally achieved are ±2 × 10−4 inches (5.1 μm) for a flat material and ±3 × 10−4 inches (7.6 μm) for a parallel surface (Matthew 2016). Based on the manufacturing capability, the MP of the mold is set to ±5 μm representing the quality of 3σ.
Modelling and online training method for digital twin workshop
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2023
Litong Zhang, Yu Guo, Weiwei Qian, Weili Wang, Daoyuan Liu, Sai Liu
ELDTA is the general name of basic DTA units, including EDTA, ODTA and MDTA. EDTA is the representation of all kinds of equipment in the DT workshop. EDTA can be divided into machine tools, robots, conveying equipment, process equipment, IoT equipment, etc. Each of them contains subclasses, for example, machine tools including lathe, milling machine, drilling machine, grinding machine, gear machining machine, CNC machining centre and special machine. An EDTA composed of its DTI can be expressed as EDTAj = {e1, e2, … , ei, … ,en}(1 ≤ i ≤ n). Material is the general name of all materials transferred in the production line of DT workshop, including fuel, spare parts, semi-finished products, outsourcing parts, leftover materials and wastes inevitably produced in the production process. The mapping of the above DTI in a MDTA is expressed as MDTAj = {m1, m2, … , mi, … ,mn}(1 ≤ i ≤ n). Operators are an important part of the production line and can be classified according to their duties, posts and other standards. Based on the production characteristics of manufacturing, this paper collects the important characteristic attributes of operators and defines its DTA as a moveable unit that can perform certain operations, that is, an ODTA can be expressed as ODTAj = {o1,o2, … ,oi, … ,on}(1 ≤ i ≤ n).
Simulation, modeling, and experimental verification of moving column precision grinding machine
Published in Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers, 2022
Tzu-Chi Chan, Keng-Chang Chang, Shinn-Liang Chang, Po-Hui Chiang
The structural design of a grinding machine is paramount, as it directly affects its grinding accuracy, efficiency, and reliability. Therefore, a significant amount of research has been conducted to improve the static and dynamic characteristics of the grinding machine design. Eman and Kim (1983), Wang, Hisayoshi, and Masanori (1984), and Shin, Eman, and Wu (1989) applied modal analysis to machine tool structures. The results showed that different impact hammers and exciter rams resulted in different structural responses. The finite element method has been widely used for the modal analysis of shaft systems. This method, along with an experimental investigation, was used by Zorzi and Nelson (1980) to verify the natural frequency and vibration modes of the shaft systems. It was found that the natural frequency increased with decrease in the weight of the structure (Zorzi and Nelson 1980; Genta 1988). Wu et al. (2009) reported on the stiffness of a 5-degree of freedom (DOF) hybrid machine tool with actuation redundancy. A measure for reducing the deformation of the machine with the lowest stiffness was proposed by them, and the machine tool stiffness was improved. Gegg, Suh, and Luo (2010) proposed a simplified mechanical model of a machine tool system in which the states and domains were defined for the boundaries. Whalley, Abdul-Ameer, and Ebrahimi (2011) derived an X-Y axes distributed-lumped model for a machine tool system and presented models validated using the measured results. Ericson and Parker (2013) applied experimental modal analysis to characterize the planar dynamic behavior of two spur planetary gears. Fujishima et al. (2016) studied sensing technologies for machine tools and improved the cutting efficiency using them. Li et al. (2010) compared the dynamic performances of two 3-DOF parallel manipulators and proposed a novel optimization method to develop a new hybrid machine tool using counterweight masses. Ohta and Hayashi (2000) studied the vibration of a linear guideway while recirculating a linear ball bearing that was driven at a constant linear velocity. Simon (2009) conducted the thermal analysis of lubricants to investigate the influence of machine tool setting for pinion tooth finishing on lubrication in hypoid gears. Wu et al. (2018) employed mechatronics modeling for the forced vibration of a 2-DOF parallel manipulator in a 5-DOF hybrid machine tool. Tian et al. (2018) presented a systematic and fast approach for identifying the geometric error components of a precision machine tool using a double-ball bar. Liu et al. (2016) developed a four-axis linkage machine tool based on theoretical analysis. The structural deformation and fabrication accuracy of the machine were analyzed theoretically by their group, and the manufacturing and assembly errors of the major structural components were obtained for optimizing the machine configuration.