China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Metal Manufacturing Processes and Energy Systems
Published in Swapan Kumar Dutta, Jitendra Saxena, Binoy Krishna Choudhury, Energy Efficiency and Conservation in Metal Industries, 2023
Swapan Kumar Dutta, Binoy Krishna Choudhury
As most of the emissions of metals industry are from the ferrous processes, several techniques are in progress to drastically reduce such emissions and make the production line much greener. For example, the Finex process is a lower-cost, more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional blast furnaces for producing hot metal. Widespread participation in programs to reduce CO2 emissions such as ULCOS in Europe, Course 50 in Japan and the AISI CO2 Breakthrough Program in North America, are among the noteworthy efforts. HIsarna and HYBRIT processes have been mentioned in this chapter. Successful trial has been made to produce 100% green resourced steel. Unlike the conventional “linear economy” model, the circular economy, also known as the productive economy, employs a system whereby everything is treated as resource for at least one productive economy activity in the metal industries. Neither any material nor any form of energy can be treated as waste, even in the entire life cycle of the metal products. A typical energy and material flow diagram and its values is shown in Figure 4.12.
Sustainable Construction Materials
Published in J.K. Yates, Daniel Castro-Lacouture, Sustainability in Engineering Design and Construction, 2018
J.K. Yates, Daniel Castro-Lacouture
In South Korea (Republic of Korea), there is another innovative process for manufacturing steel called FINEXTM. This process uses iron ore fines and non-metallurgical coal, which eliminates the requirement for sintering (creating a solid from powder) and coking (distillation of low-ash, low-sulfur bituminous coal to remove impurities). In addition to reducing the cost of steel production, the FINEX process reduces sodium dioxide emissions by 92%, nitric oxide emissions by 96%, and dust emissions by 79% compared to using conventional blast furnaces to produce steel. Energy requirements are also reduced using the FINEX process along with initial capital costs (International Iron and Steel Institute 2005). Figure 11.6 shows the reductions in SOx, NOx, and dust emissions from using the FINEX process versus traditional blast furnaces.
Alternative Energy Sources for the Mineral Sector
Published in Sheila Devasahayam, Kim Dowling, Manoj K. Mahapatra, Sustainability in the Mineral and Energy Sectors, 2016
Sheila Devasahayam, Raman Singh
The natural gas-based DRI production already applies carbon capture to enhance flue gas quality. CO2 capture is by pre-combustion (gasification) and pressure swing adsorption (PSA), vacuum PSA (VPSA) or chemical absorption. The FINEX technology with some process redesign could capture all CO2 with a reduced energy penalty. Finex eliminates the first step in the steel-making process of sintering and coking and allows the direct use of low-cost ore fines and coal, bringing overall plant installation and operational costs down as well as producing less air pollutants than traditional methods. The HIsarna smelting process produces top gas that is nitrogen free and highly concentrated CO2 using pure oxygen instead of air. This process could capture up to 80% CO2 in the iron-making process from iron ore and coal if equipped with CCS such as PSA or VPSA (Alphen, 2011).
Development of a circulating fluidized bed partial gasification process for co-production of metallurgical semi-coke and syngas and its integration with power plant for electricity production
Published in International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization, 2022
Diyar Tokmurzin, Desmond Adair, Timur Dyussekhanov, Kalkaman Suleymenov, Boris Golman, Berik Aiymbetov
Economic growth and urbanization are increasing the demand for the expansion of energy and water supply, transportation, housing, and public facilities. This leads to a growing demand for steel and its alloys. World demand for steel has almost tripled since the 1970s (World steel Association, 2018), and the main driver of this trend is Asia, where steel production almost quadrupled between 1970 and 2017 (IEA 2017; World Coal Institute 2007). Currently coal, coke, and semi-coke are irreplaceable in the iron and steel industry. Conventionally, steel is produced in blast furnaces, where coke is used as a vital component that plays the role of a reducing agent and heat source, and, provides mechanical strength to burden and permeability to gas and liquid phases (Li et al. 2014a). Coke is made by heating coking coals in a coke oven in a reducing atmosphere. High prices for coking coals and their scarcity have led steelmaking companies to search for ways to reduce coke consumption, alternative raw materials, alternative steel smelting, and coke making processes. Recently developed commercial processes such as iron bath smelting (American Iron and Steel Institute 2010; Street et al. 1998), blast furnaces with coal injection (Tang et al. 2017), COREX/FINEX process (Menéndez, Álvarez, and Pis 1999; Tang et al. 2017), and ferroalloys production (Hasanbeigi, Arens, and Price 2014; Xu and Cang 2010) allow the fine fraction semi-coke to be substituted for coke as the reducing agent. Semi-coke is a coal char with high-fixed carbon and low volatile content produced from coal through pyrolytic devolatilization.