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Life-cycle Thinking, Analysis and Design
Published in Steffen Lehmann, Robert Crocker, Designing for Zero Waste, 2013
A life-cycle-energy analysis conducted in 1994 by Martin B. Hocking compared three types of reusable beverage cup (ceramic, glass and reusable plastic) with two types of disposable beverage cup (paper and expanded polystyrene foam). The energy embodied in the manufacture of a reusable ceramic cup was found to be much higher than the energy locked in during the manufacture of a disposable cup (Hocking, 1994). In order for a reusable cup to be more energy efficient than a disposable cup, it must be washed and reused as many times as possible, to fully exploit the energy consumed in its manufacture. In addition, the energy required to freight a reusable cup is normally considerably more than transporting a disposable cup, as reusable cups require bulky protective packaging and tend to be larger and heavier than single-use cups, which in contrast can be tightly stacked and nested with minimal protective packaging.
Paint application equipment
Published in Julian Woodstock, A Practical Guide to Vehicle Refinishing, 2019
Some designs have a hard outer cup which may include mixing ratios and volumes in millilitres printed on it or come with an attachment to help measure either ratios or volume. This type of disposable cup holder will have a soft liner which will crush as the paint is vacuumed from the cup while spraying. This has the advantage that the gun will still spray while upside down, as the paint is always held at the orifice of the paint passage. This feature is especially useful under tailgates, wheel arches, sills, etc. Despite these advantages, some technicians are still put off by the fact that the outer cup has to be reused.
Improving the slurryability of high ash coal by blending anthracite of different particle size range
Published in International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization, 2023
Akash Pandey, Dulari Hansdah, Satish Kumar
In the current investigation, two different cases for studying the rheological characteristics of coal water slurry were considered. The first case was of tri-modal HAC slurry, and the second case was of blended tetra-modal slurry. Before slurry preparation, both the coal particles were dried in an oven at 105°C for 1 hour to eliminate moisture. For both cases, 100 ml of slurry sample was prepared using normal tap water to meet industrial standards. The tri-modal HAC water slurry samples were prepared in the solid concentration range of 40–60% (by weight), by adding an accurately weighed HAC sample (C1) slowly into a beaker containing a predetermined quantity of tap water. The blended tetra-modal slurry samples were prepared for three solid concentrations, 50%, 55%, and 58%, by weight. Oven dried weighed samples of HAC and anthracite were mixed separately in a disposable cup and slowly poured into the beaker containing a predetermined quantity of tap water. For both cases, the mixture was constantly stirred using a magnetic stirrer for 15 min to achieve a homogenous slurry.
Investigating the effect of micro-riblets on the flow and micro-mixing behavior in micro-channel
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2021
Fiona W. M. Ling, Ali A. Khleif, Hayder A. Abdulbari
The substrate of the micro-mixer was PDMS because of its high transparency. 6 gm of curing agent was added to 60 gm of PDMS (ratio of 10:1 by weight) in a disposable cup. The mixture was mixed vigorously for 5 minutes at 1000 rpm using a planetary centrifugal mixer (Thinky, USA) and de-foamed (degassed) at 400 rpm for another five minutes. The wafer was cleaned using an air gun before the PDMS was poured on the wafer followed by desiccation under vacuum for 40 min to eliminate all the trapped air bubbles. The PDMS was solidified by baking in an oven at 80 °C for 2 h. The PDMS was cut along the edge of the wafer using a scalpel and peeled off carefully from the wafer using a tweezer. A puncher was used to punch both the inlet and outlet of the micro-mixer. Both PDMS and a new clean glass slide were placed in a plasma cleaner (Harrick Plasma, USA) for 2 min where the design of the micro-mixer facing upward. Both the surfaces were then put together with the design of micro-mixer facing the glass slide and pressed slightly to let them bond together.