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Organizational Models of Safety
Published in Tom Kontogiannis, Stathis Malakis, Cognitive Engineering and Safety Organization in Air Traffic Management, 2017
Tom Kontogiannis, Stathis Malakis
Resilience engineering is a third approach to the study of interactions between technology, practitioners, and organizations. Resilience engineering was founded on high reliability theory (Hollnagel et al. 2006; Hollnagel et al. 2011) and took a sense-making approach on how organizations monitor their safety margin, their resources, and work progress in managing risks. Organizational decision-making has addressed many decision trade-offs in all stages of problem solving. At the steering level, for instance, keeping well away from the safety boundary can minimize risks but may deprive organizations of learning opportunities. At the level of coordination, decentralized decision making can provide flexibility but at the risk of failing to comply with the overall plan (e.g., local workarounds can create side effects elsewhere). At the operational level, a trade-off may exist between resolving a conflict early versus waiting until all data are available to make a decision. These aspects of sensemaking and decision-making at different organizational levels interact in complex ways and influence the outcome of performance.
The Benefits, Advantages, and Maximization of Systems Integration Success
Published in Michael A. Mische, Reengineering, 2017
Most reengineering efforts result in elimination of unnecessary tasks, and several jobs are combined into one, which increases the employee’s individual responsibility and the need to decentralize decision making. Successfully reengineered processes give the people involved in the process much more autonomy and decision-making ability. Decision making becomes part of the job. By combining jobs, much of the costs of rework, coordination, process control, and errors are reduced. Decentralized decision making reduces process delays and overhead, making a process more responsive to the needs of a customer. Customer problem resolution improves, because employees are empowered to make local decisions.
The impact of environmental turbulence on the strategic decision-making process in Irish quantity surveying (QS) professional service firms (PSFs)
Published in Construction Management and Economics, 2021
Róisín Murphy, Oluwasegun Seriki
It has been widely argued that the need for strategic planning increases with the degree of environmental uncertainty (Eisenhardt 1989, Brews and Purohit 2007), and changes in the process may include reduced time horizons, less formality, emphasis on performance planning, and decentralized decision-making (Grant 2003). This concurs with earlier evidence from Covin and Slevin, (1989), wherein it was determined that small firms with an organic structure perform best in hostile environments. A possible explanation is offered by Gibbons and O'Connor (2005), who argue that entrepreneurial firms undergo more frequent analysis of where their competitive advantage exists, thus requiring more intensive environmental analysis. It has also been argued that within “high velocity” environments, fast decision-makers use more information and identified more alternatives than slower decision-makers (Fredrickson and Mitchell 1984, Eisenhardt 1989, Brews and Hunt 1999). The construction sector in Ireland has yet to be analyzed extensively in this regard.
Pricing decisions in a decentralized biofuel supply chain with RIN mechanism
Published in Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 2019
Ghazaleh Allameh, Mohammad Saidi Mehrabad, Seyed Jafar Sadjadi
In this paper, the interaction among farmers, biorefineries, and blenders in pricing decisions in a biofuel supply chain is analyzed. Each member of the supply chain is an independent decision maker who seeks to maximize its profit by optimal pricing strategy in a decentralized system. To motivate biorefineries produce more biofuels, an RIN mechanism is utilized. Due to the decentralized decision-making system, game theory is used to model the behavior of the three players in the biofuel supply chain. Generally, the contribution of the presented research can be summarized as following: The optimization of RIN selling price by blender company along with the optimization of the other members’ pricing decisions is known as the primary goal of this paper.The effect of selling price of biomass and biofuels on the amount of their production is reflected by a price sensitive demand function. Therefore, the biomass flow to biorefineries is sensitive to the biomass selling price of farmers. Similarly, biofuel flow from biorefineries to blenders is a function of biofuel selling price of biorefineries.Horizontal and vertical competition among members are modeled based on the real-world interaction of the members in which blender is considered as the leader due to the responsibility of promoting suitable transportation fuel.Finally, to demonstrate the performance of the proposed RIN mechanism presented in the paper, the long-term strategies of members are analyzed by using evolutionary game theory approach neglected in the literature.