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HVAC systems supported by renewable energy sources—studies carried out at the Bialystok University of Technology
Published in Małgorzata Pawłowska, Artur Pawłowski, Advances in Renewable Energy Research, 2017
Photovoltaic system is located on the roof of the building at Zwierzyniecka 10 on BUT campus and consists of: 12 PV units with the total area of 19.48 m2 and angle of inclination of approx. 38 degrees to the horizontal, southern direction (DC 3.0 kWp).12 PV units with the total area of 19.48 m2 with servo system (tracker) that keeps track of biaxial movement of the Sun across the horizon by the astronomical clock (DC 3.0 kWp).6 PV units with the total area of 9.74 m2 located on south—eastern façade of the building—angle of inclination equal 90 degrees to the horizontal (DC 1.5 kWp).6 PV units with the total area of 9.74 m2 located on south—western façade of the building—angle of inclination equal 90 degrees to the horizontal (DC 1.5 kWp).
Visible Light Communications Based on Street Lighting
Published in Zabih Ghassemlooy, Luis Nero Alves, Stanislav Zvánovec, Mohammad-Ali Khalighi, Visible Light Communications, 2017
Stanislav Zvánovec, Petr Žák, Petr Chvojka, Ivan Kudláček, Paul Anthony Haigh, Zabih Ghassemlooy
Consumption optimization means that the desired light conditions with defined quantitative and qualitative parameters are reached in the most energetically efficient way. The optimization of energy consumption can be achieved by controlling operation times and/or system power input, or by eliminating lighting system overdesign. In order to optimize the lighting system usage in time, automatic switching systems are employed. These systems may activate the lighting system according to the time of the day by means of astronomical clock, or based on the level of daylight measured using light sensors. The basis for input power optimization from the user point of view may have fixed time plans proceeding from statistical data related to the traffic volume at night. The sensors registering the current traffic situation represent a second method for information gathering. Based on data from the time plans or the sensors, the necessary lighting level is set to correspond to the traffic safety required. Lowering the lighting level is not recommended at any location deemed to be dangerous. For a variety of reasons, it frequently happens that public lighting systems are overdesigned. The first factor is the aging of the system, which gradually lowers the luminous flux. Thus, the required lighting parameters must be maintained at all points of the lighting system’s lifetime. Another overdesign may occur as a result of system maintenance when only the luminaires are changed but the original placement is kept the same. Overdesign may also occur when a road is reassigned to a lower lighting class. Lighting system overdesign can be eliminated by installing luminaires capable of gradually regulating luminous flux connected to the central control system.
Procedure for Measuring the Luminance of Roadway Billboards and Preliminary Results
Published in LEUKOS, 2022
Piotr Tomczuk, Marcin Chrzanowicz, Piotr Jaskowski
For advertisements in groups A, B and C, the advertisement should: have a coordinated work program: the dimming time of the advertising medium in the relation day – night – day should be correlated with the time of switching on and off the street lighting installation taking into account corrections related to the latitude and longitude of the foundation of the advertising medium. The emission level can be controlled by an external lighting sensor including an astronomical clock,emit light with the least possible impact on the environment of the medium and upward. Where the surface of the media is illuminated by external luminaires, they should be directed only at the surface of the advertising medium (Fig. 13). To reduce the effect of sky light pollution, front light (group B) media luminaires should be installed on top of the media and the light should be directed downward toward the illuminated surface. At the same time, specialist luminaires should be used that are equipped with screens for light (e.g. blinds, shields and partitions), limiting light emission in a direction other than the illuminated surface of the advertising medium.