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Experimental Dosimetry
Published in Ben Greenebaum, Frank Barnes, Bioengineering and Biophysical Aspects of Electromagnetic Fields, 2018
Spectrum analyzers cover a broad range of frequencies and they give a quick analysis of the spectral power distribution of a signal. Also spectrum analyzers have a large dynamic range, a resolution bandwidth of a few hertz, and a feasible frequency resolution. A key attribute of a spectrum analyzer is its displayed average noise level (DANL). DANL also called as the sensitivity of the spectrum analyzer. In general, sensitivity ranges from −135 dBm to −165 dBm. Optimum sensitivity can be achieved by using the narrowest resolution bandwidth possible, sufficient averaging, a minimum RF-input attenuation, and/or a preamplifier.
Microelectromechanical Systems and Multisensor Systems
Published in Clarence W. de Silva, Sensor Systems, 2016
Note: dBm denotes decibel-milliwatts. It is an abbreviation for power ratio in decibels (dB) of measured power in milliwatts referenced to one 1 mW. Since the signals are “power,” we use 10log10(power ratio), not 20log10(), to convert into dB.
Power Line Operations
Published in Gilbert Held, Understanding Broadband over Power Line, 2016
We can better understand the relationships shown in Table 2.2 by commencing our observation with the previously noted fact that 1 W is equivalent to 30 dBm. Then we can note that 1 mW is a thousandth of a watt. Because 0 dBm means that output power equals input power, the only way to obtain a 0 dBm power level is for the output power to be 1 mW. Thus, the output power divided by a 1-mW input power value produces a 0-dBm power level and indicates that 1 mW is equal to 0 dBm. If you perform the previously mentioned computation, it’s important to remember that we are working with logs. Thus, the equation for the decibel-milliwatt measurement is dBm=10log10PO/1mW
Circularly Polarized DR-Rectenna for 5G and Wi-Fi Bands RF Energy Harvesting in Smart City Applications
Published in IETE Technical Review, 2022
Daasari Surender, Md. Ahsan Halimi, Taimoor Khan, Fazal A. Talukdar, Yahia M.M. Antar
The proposed rectenna system has been designed for harvesting RF energy in an ambient environment only. Usually, the input power available in the ambient environment is approximately 0 dBm. For our proposed design, the achieved power conversion efficiency (PCE) is 47% and 34% at 3.5 and 5.8 GHz for 0 dBm input power which is within the acceptable limit for harvesting RF energy in the ambient environments. However, due to some infrastructural constraints, practical validation in ambient setup is not possible. For this reason, an experimental measurement setup has been created to test the rectenna using a dedicated horn antenna setup as presented in Figure 15 which can also be treated as a specific case of the ambient environment. For the measurement, a test antenna such as a horn antenna has been used for radiation purposes in the indoor environment. The test antenna is operated at the operating frequencies of 3.5 and 5.8 GHz. The implemented rectenna is placed at a distance of 100 cm away from the transmitting antenna. The output from the rectenna system is usually carried by a voltmeter/ multimeter.
Flexible Beamforming in 5G Wireless for Internet of Things
Published in IETE Technical Review, 2019
Mukesh Kumar Maheshwari, Mamta Agiwal, Navrati Saxena, Abhishek Roy
We evaluate FBF and three possible deployment cases (as shown in Figure 4) for our analysis. For scenario 1 and scenario 2, all antennas are transmitting minimum power 22 dBm and maximum power 34 dBm, respectively. In FBF architecture, the transmit power is varied from 22 to 34 dBm with the step size of three. Since the power is increased linearly in log scale (dBm), it translates to an exponential increase in wattage scale. In case of small cell deployment, all antennas are assumed to be transmitting at the power level of 22 dBm. We considered IoT devices with data rate of around 100 kbps for our simulations [34].
Insights into Fabrication and Measurements of PCB-Based Passive Millimeter Wave Antennas
Published in IETE Technical Review, 2021
G. S. Karthikeya, Shiban K. Koul
The horn is connected to the standard Ka band signal source which transmits pure sinusoid of designated power and frequency. Typically, the power transmitted would be set to the highest possible value of the source as the path loss is relatively higher. The power setting must also make sure that the horn is driven within its power ratings. Typical values range from 0 to +30 dBm.