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Methods for the Reduction of Dimensionality
Published in Shayne C. Gad, Carrol S. Weil, Statistics and Experimental Design for Toxicologists, 1988
After we have developed a table of such distance measurements for each of the local variables, some weighting factor is assigned to each variable. A weighting factor seeks to give greater importance to those variables which are believed to have more relevance or predictive value. The weighted variables are then used to assign each piece of data to a group. The actual act of developing numerically based classifications and assigning data members to them is the realm of cluster analysis, and will be discussed later in this chapter. Classification of biological data based on qualitative factors has been well discussed by Glass (1975), and Gordon (1981) does an excellent job of introducing the entire field and mathematical concepts.
Mechanical systems and design
Published in D.A. Bradley, N.C. Burd, D. Dawson, A.J. Loader, Mechatronics, 2018
D.A. Bradley, N.C. Burd, D. Dawson, A.J. Loader
The success of a project depends on many factors and not just price. The technical proposal, the delivery time, the quality of equipment and the personalities of the client and supplier all play important parts. Many companies decide on a supplier by using a quantitative assessment of each tenderer, including the above points along with others such as financial stability and the technical competence of staff. A weighting is applied to each factor, depending on its importance to the particular project. Some companies leave the price out of this evaluation until the end, dividing the total ‘score’ by the price to come up with a final figure.
Engineering design
Published in Riadh Habash, Green Engineering, 2017
Weighting is decided based on factors such as objectives, customer requirements, and interests of stakeholders. PREP is thus especially useful for diverse teams of designers with members from various cultures, races, genders, physical disabilities, and personalities because it first empowers people to contribute without fear of confrontation that often occurs in group brainstorming sessions. Furthermore, it provides a written record of who first came up with a concept, which can be valuable for assessing promotions or for inventorship (Graham et al. 2007).
A Novel Hybrid Optimization Approach for Optimal Allocation of Distributed Generation and Distribution Static Compensator with Network Reconfiguration in Consideration of Electric Vehicle Charging Station
Published in Electric Power Components and Systems, 2023
Arvind Pratap, Prabhakar Tiwari, Rakesh Maurya, Bindeshwar Singh
In this work, a MOF using the active power loss index (ILP), voltage deviation index (IVD), voltage stability index (VSI), and investment cost index (ICI) is formulated inside one equation using the weighting factor, as given by Eq. (4). where to are weighting factor and their summation should be equal to 1. To balance technical and economic advantages, weighting factors should be properly considered. In the present work, the analytic hierarchy process [40] is used to calculate the weighing factor associated with the different objective functions [39]. The values considered for and are 0.50, 0.20, 0.20, and 0.10, respectively. The first term of MOF is utilized to reduce active power loss, whose lower value during simulation indicates the reduction in APL. The impact of EVCS with different operational cases on ILP is given by Eqs. (5)–(7).
Designing integrated model of decision-making-robust optimisation to manage the maintenance of inter-urban routes under uncertainty
Published in International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 2022
Shiba Masoumi, Seyyed Mohammad Hadji Molana, Mehrdad Javadi, Amir Azizi
In general, multi-criteria decision-making methods include two categories of criteria weighing methods and prioritisation methods. Weighting methods often include Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Analytic Network Process (ANP) and BWM and of course the methods presented are based on these three methods. AHP and ANP methods, despite being widely used in various fields, require a lot of calculations, but the number of calculations of ANP method is much more than AHP method. However, the BWM has fewer calculations. If n criteria exist, the number of AHP calculations equals and the number of BWM calculations is equal to 2n-3 (Rezaei 2015, 2016). Another important issue that ensures the superiority of the BWM over other methods is the existence of a mathematical model to determine the final weight of the criteria. In AHP and ANP methods, all calculations are based on the preferences of experts, which can cause disturbances in determining the final weight of the criteria and subconsciously affect the final weighing. However, in the BWM using a mathematical model, there is a guarantee that the final weights of the criteria are global optimal and far from the personal preferences of the experts. Therefore, using the BWM can produce more reliable answers (Rezaei 2016).
A multi-criteria decision-making analysis for the selection of fibres aimed at reinforcing asphalt concrete mixtures
Published in International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 2021
Carlos J. Slebi-Acevedo, Pablo Pascual-Muñoz, Pedro Lastra-González, Daniel Castro-Fresno
Defining appropriate criteria to measure the mechanical performance of fibres in hot mix asphalt implies applying rule-based decision support to evaluate the influential factors. Weighting methodologies comprise two weighting approaches: the objective one, where mathematical models are employed without consideration of the decision matrix; and the subjective one, where the weights are selected depending on the preference information provided by the decision matrix (Vinodh et al.2014, Santos et al.2019). In this paper, the analytical hierarchy process (AHP), a subjective approach, was considered since it enables the information based on the knowledge and experience of experts in the topic to be compiled. In order to prioritise the weighting criteria and deal with the vagueness of human thought (Naghadehi et al.2009), fuzzy sets were added. To include different points of view, experts from industry, academia and representatives of public institutions were selected to answer a comprehensive questionnaire for determining the weights of the main criteria.