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Does Situation Awareness Add to the Validity of Cognitive Tests?
Published in Eduardo Salas, Aaron S Dietz, Situational Awareness, 2017
Francis T Durso, M. Kathryn Bleckley, Andrew R Dattel
A review of the literature on skill acquisition and skilled task performance suggested that several cognitive and personality constructs may be fundamental to predicting performance in complex tasks, such as the simulation of ATC used here. Fortunately, the relationship between a number of cognitive variables and skilled performance is well understood, and including them has become part of the best practices of research predicting performance in dynamic environments. Ubiquitous to models predicting performance from cognitive factors are general fluid intelligence (e.g., Carretta & Ree, 2003), general crystallized intelligence, (see Ackerman, 1999, for a review), and more recently working memory span (e.g. Engle, Tuholski, Laughlin, & Conway, 1999; Hertzog, Cooper, & Fisk, 1996), More traditional, short-term memory measures were included (e.g., the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale), in part to continue to clarify the distinction between it and working memory (e.g., Engle et al., 1999). Because of the visual-spatial nature of the ATC simulation, we have included measures of spatial relations and spatial memory (Shah & Miyake, 1996). Finally, Stankov, Boyle, & Cattell (1995) suggested that personality traits may also be important in predicting skill acquisition and skilled performance, so we have included such measures.
Aviation Neuropsychology
Published in Carrie H. Kennedy, Gary G. Kay, Aeromedical Psychology, 2013
The aviation neuropsychologist compares the examinee’s results (that is, raw scores) to normative data in order to determine how the examinee’s performance compares to relevant groups of individuals, such as healthy pilots of the same age as the examinee. Raw test scores are typically transformed into T-Scores (with a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10) and reported in terms of percentiles. Scores are classified as falling within the normal, expected range, or as falling outside the normal, expected range. Performance that falls at or below the 15th percentile, for the examinee’s normative comparison group, is below expectation and is considered to be evidence of impairment. Another criterion used to classify performance as impaired are scores that fall at or below the 5th percentile compared to aviator norms. Unfortunately, aviator norms are available for a limited number of tests. Normative data for pilots on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R; N=456) and for tests from the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery (N=132) and other neuropsychological tests (N=132) were presented by Kay (2002) and are provided here in Tables 10.1, 10.2 and 10.3. Military aviator norms exist for the d2 Test of Attention (Hess, Kennedy, Hardin and Kupke 2010).
Graduate students as surrogates for managers in business intelligence and analytics research: a preliminary study
Published in Journal of Decision Systems, 2022
Yutong Song, David Arnott, Shijia Gao
The first aspect of the next parts of the project is to investigate each sample’s cognitive abilities. The graduate students in our sample may have had superior cognitive abilities compared to the manager sample; as a result, the cognitive abilities of both the student and manager samples need to be measured in future studies. The rigorous measurement of the intelligence of experimental participants requires a registered or certified psychologist to administer a test, usually the WAIS-IV (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale). This assessment is time consuming and expensive and can mitigate the reasons for using student surrogates. However, the National Adult Reading Test (NART-R) provides a reasonable estimate for WAIS performance (Bright et al., 2002) and can be administered by non-psychologists. This test will be used in the next stages of this project as intelligence or cognitive ability may be a significant cause of the student-manager equivalence in the preliminary study. Further, as student and manager samples in different studies are likely to vary widely in cognitive ability, reporting the results of tests like the NART-R in any study that uses student participants would enable comparison and evaluation of research results across projects.