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Africa 
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Food waste or surplus? Reading between the lines of discourse and action
Published in Anitra Nelson, Ferne Edwards, Food for Degrowth, 2020
It is inadequate to understand discarded food as ‘waste’. I prefer food surplus, as a ‘holding category or gap’ (Midgley 2018, 181) that retains the possibility of use to be revalued. However, I use food ‘waste’ and ‘surplus’ interchangeably and propose that food waste is understood as surplus food excluded from human foodways for reasons unrelated to use value (Hepp 2016). This definition takes into account the Marxist distinction between use value and exchange value, where use value refers to the usefulness or purpose of a thing for a person, while exchange value takes only an object’s economic value into account (González de Molina and Toledo 2014). Thus, the use value of food is its nutritional value, while exchange value refers to its price. In industrial societies and capitalist economies, use values are displaced and ‘food is treated as a disposable commodity, disconnected from the social and environmental impact of its production’ (Stuart 2009, xvi).
Sustainable textiles – A review on strategies for product lifetime extension
Published in Gianni Montagna, Cristina Carvalho, Textiles, Identity and Innovation: Design the Future, 2018
V. Januário, R. Salvado, S. UȈgur Yavuz
Even if services added to the product at the design phase are promising for its life extension, only a shift to a business model that combine services with products will allow a deeper knowledge of the consumer and monitoring their changing needs. Changing product value to use value will create new opportunities laid in product quality and durability (Mont 2002), with consumer satisfaction at the center of focus. We are talking about adding services that will promote product lifespan trough upgrading, updating or repairing. Most of all, these services postpone the psychological obsolescence of the product (Niinimäki 2011a). On the other hand, also services as renting or leasing could offer innovative relationships consumer-products-brands.
Significance
Published in Edward Ochieng, Tarila Zuofa, Sulafa Badi, Routledge Handbook of Planning and Management of Global Strategic Infrastructure Projects, 2020
Kate Davis, Jeffrey Pinto, Francesco Di Maddaloni
“Value creation depends on the relative amount of value that is subjectively realized by a target user (or buyer) who is the focus of value creation – whether individual, organization or society – and that this subjective value realization must at least translate into the user's willingness to exchange a monetary amount for the value received.” It follows from this definition that there is perceived use value, subjectively assessed by the user (or buyer), and then monetary exchange value, the price paid for the use value created (Bowman and Ambrosini, 2000). Value management traces its roots to the use of structured cost reduction techniques in manufacturing operations. During World War II, US manufacturing and strategic materials were prioritised for armaments, leaving other organisations in search of alternative materials and methods for producing goods. Finding processes and cheaper materials that allowed for the manufacturing of goods with no loss in quality became a goal of US companies and gave rise to a structured process that eventually coined the use of the term “value analysis” (VA). Value analysis was a means for industrial engineers to critically evaluate plant flow operations, employ cheaper materials, identify redundant or “non-value-adding” processes, and improve the overall efficient use of resources to maximise output. This leads to the general working definition (Kelly and Male, 1993p. 8): Value analysis is “an organised approach to the identification and elimination of unnecessary cost.” Unnecessary cost is defined as cost that provides neither use nor life nor quality nor appearance nor customer features (Kelly and Male, 1993).
‘I’m still making dots for them’: mathematics lecturers’ views on their mathematical modelling practices
Published in International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, 2021
Paul Hernandez-Martinez, Stephanie Thomas, Olov Viirman, Yuriy Rogovchenko
Engeström (1987) describes four levels of contradictions: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary. In this paper, we are interested in primary and secondary contradictions because these occur within the activity system. We do not consider multiple activity systems in our data. Primary contradictions in all activities centre on the exchange value and use value. We refer to a use value when the product of activity is of use to the person that produces it (e.g. learning for the sake of it), and an exchange value when such product is of value to someone else, usually someone who is willing to pay for the product (learning in order to obtain a university degree or a job). Secondary contradictions manifest themselves in particular tensions between the constituents of the central activity system, for example, between the tools and the division of labour.
E-P Heritage Value Assessment Method Proposed Methodology for Assessing Heritage Value of Load-Bearing Structures
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2022
Sophie Eberhardt, Martin Pospisil
Use value is observable when the structure or building has kept its original use throughout time or when its use has been adapted to current use without impacting their integrity and authenticity. The use value remains an important idea, especially as the concepts of sustainability and adaptive use pervade current preservation efforts. Use value refers to the way we value an object or building for how it can be used. Buildings and groups of buildings should have a reasonable use, based on the Venice Charter: “The conservation of monuments is always facilitated by making use of them for some socially useful purpose. Such use is therefore desirable but it must not change the layout or decoration of the building. It is within these limits only that modifications demanded by a change of function should be envisaged and may be permitted.” (ICOMOS 1964, art. 5). Most common examples of the use value are structures which are in standard use during the whole of their life-time such as: villas, historical bridges, historical small hydro-electric power stations, traditional family farms with ecological agricultural production, etc. Here, we should remember significant examples of the transformed use value. The Orsay Museum in Paris (former train station), the Albert Dock in Liverpool, the Speicherstadt in Hamburg, the Entrepotdok in Amsterdam (industrial heritage), the Halle Tony Garnier in Lyon or historical timber rafters as load-bearing structures, are very good examples of this kind of value. The use value is considered as more versatile and less threatened by surveys or reconstruction interventions than the two previous values. Therefore, it has been assigned 1 point at the value-sensitivity scope.
High value manufacturing (HVM) in the UK: case studies and focus group insights
Published in Production Planning & Control, 2019
Luisa Huaccho Huatuco, Veronica Martinez, Thomas F. Burgess, Nicky E. Shaw
In this paper, value refers to how the product is perceived by the customer in terms of usefulness (use value). Here value is related to the organization’s key competencies (internal view) and how aligned these are both internally (operational characteristics) and externally according to their key competitive advantage (external view). This paper develops an ‘operations management’ perspective on value and how the internal and external views of organizations can be reconciled in the context of HVM, which is explained next.