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Format Statement
Published in Subrata Ray, Fortran 2018 with Parallel Programming, 2019
The value of the variable will be read from the external device (say, keyboard). The edit descriptor i3 indicates the width the field, and the data is available between positions 1 and 3 of the input. If the data contains 107, ind will be assigned to 107. By default, Fortran ignores leading, trailing and embedded blanks and leading zeros. For a completely blank field, zero is assigned to the corresponding list element. Unsigned data is assumed to be positive. For negative numbers, minus sign is placed before the number like −47. A single read statement may read more than one quantity. read 100, j1, j2, j3 10 format (i3, i4, i6)
HDR Pipeline
Published in Francesco Banterle, Alessandro Artusi, Kurt Debattista, Alan Chalmers, Advanced High Dynamic Range Imaging, 2017
Francesco Banterle, Alessandro Artusi, Kurt Debattista, Alan Chalmers
HDR values are usually stored using single precision floating point numbers. Integer numbers, which are extensively used in LDR imaging, are not practical for storing HDR values. For example, a 32-bit unsigned integer can represent values in the range [0,232-1] $ [0, 2^{32} - 1] $ , which is not sufficient to cover the entire range experienced by the HVS. It also unsuitable for image processing operations between two or more HDR images; for example, when adding or multiplying, precision can be easily lost and overflow may occur. Such conditions make floating point numbers preferable to integer ones for real-world values [173].
reeRTOS Porting Layer
Published in Ivan Cibrario Bertolotti, Tingting Hu, Embedded Software Development, 2017
Ivan Cibrario Bertolotti, Tingting Hu
Strictly speaking, it should also be noted that these definitions are no longer used directly by FreeRTOS since version 8. In fact, with the adoption of the C99 international standard [89] for the C language, the toolchain-supplied stdint.h header provides equivalent functionality and FreeRTOS now makes use of it. For instance, the uint32_t data type, defined in stdint.h, always corresponds to an unsigned, 32-bit integer. However, the macro definitions listed in Table 10.1 are still retained in most porting layers for backward compatibility with existing code.
A GCC-based checker for compliance with MISRA-C's single-translation-unit rules
Published in Connection Science, 2023
Chih-Yuan Chen, Yung-An Fang, Guan-Ren Wang, Peng-Sheng Chen
Searching the warning message can identify the code location triggering display of the warning message. It is located at the function cpp_classify_number() in gcc-7.5.0/libcpp/expr.c. The function is responsible for categorizing numeric constants. We add a flag misra_check_rule_7_2 to indicate whether a constant has the “u” suffix. When a constant lacks the suffix, the flag misra_check_rule_7_2 is set to 1. Repeated tracking and testing through GDB identifies the function c_parser_declaration_or_fndef() as being responsible for parsing a declaration or function definition. It calls the function start_decl() to get the information related to the declarator. The return value of start_decl() informs whether a variable has an unsigned integer declaration. Finally, if the declarator is an unsigned integer and the flag misra_check_rule_7_2 is set, we can issue a MISRA-C warning message related to Rule 7.2. Consider the case of function argument passing. We use a similar approach to check rule compliance in the function convert_for_assignment(). Figure 7 outlines the detection concept.
Enhanced performance of the mechanical respiratory system by FPGA-digital based on PID Controller
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2023
Dang Quy Phan, Ha Quang Thinh Ngo
: the control parameters of PID scheme which are the proportional gain, integral and derivative gain. These gains are input with the type of unsigned 16-bit integer: the measured value to control such position or velocity. It also belongs to unsigned 16-bit integer: the set-point value such position or velocity, unsigned 16-bit integeri_clk: the clock pulse signal from digital sourcei_rst: the reset signal
An effective tumor detection in MR brain images based on deep CNN approach: i-YOLOV5
Published in Applied Artificial Intelligence, 2022
Sivapathi Arunachalam, Gopalakrishnan Sethumathavan
The ratio between the maximum allowable signal power and the PSNR is calculated. And the distorting noise’s power has an impact on the quality of its portrayal. The decibel ratio between the two images is calculated. Because of the wide dynamic range of signals, the PSNR is commonly calculated as a decibel scale logarithmic term. This dynamic range ranges from the highest to the lowest possible values, which are affected by their quality. Lossy image compression codecs’ reconstruction is typically evaluated using PSNR. The error caused by compression or distortion is referred to as noise. When compared to compression codecs, PSNR approximates reconstruction quality. For 32-bit data, the PSNR is in the 45–65 dB range, while for 64-bit data, it is in the 75–95 dB range. The loss in wireless quality is 15–20 dB. The peak value refers to the highest point in the image data. 255 is the Peak Value of a 16-bit unsigned integer data type. A description of the total error in dB can be seen from Equation (24).