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Format Statement
Published in Subrata Ray, Fortran 2018 with Parallel Programming, 2019
The value of the variable will be read from the external device (say, keyboard). The edit descriptor i3 indicates the width the field, and the data is available between positions 1 and 3 of the input. If the data contains 107, ind will be assigned to 107. By default, Fortran ignores leading, trailing and embedded blanks and leading zeros. For a completely blank field, zero is assigned to the corresponding list element. Unsigned data is assumed to be positive. For negative numbers, minus sign is placed before the number like −47. A single read statement may read more than one quantity. read 100, j1, j2, j3 10 format (i3, i4, i6)
Data Types and Data Storage
Published in Julio Sanchez, Maria P. Canton, Microcontroller Programming, 2018
Julio Sanchez, Maria P. Canton
This way of designating negative numbers, called a sign-magnitude representation, corresponds to the conventional way in which we write negative and positive numbers longhand, that is, we precede the number by its sign. Sign-magnitude representation has the following characteristics: The absolute value of positive and negative numbers is the same.Positive numbers can be distinguished from negative numbers by examining the high-order bit.There are two possible representations for zero, one negative (10000000B) and one positive (00000000B).
Numeric Data in Memory
Published in Julio Sanchez, Maria P. Canton, Software Solutions for Engineers and Scientists, 2018
Julio Sanchez, Maria P. Canton
Notice that the left-most digit is set for a negative number and clear for a positive one. This way of designating negative numbers, called a sign-magnitude representation, corresponds to the conventional way in which we write signed numbers longhand. That is, we precede the number by its sign. Sign-magnitude representation has the following characteristics: The absolute value of positive and negative numbers is the same.Positive from negative numbers can be distinguished by examining the high-order bit. If this bit is 1, then the number is negative. Otherwise, the number is positive.There are two possible representations for zero, one negative (10000000B) and one positive (00000000B).
Quadrotor UAV Position and Altitude Tracking Using an Optimized Fuzzy-Sliding Mode Control
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2022
Mohammadhossein Zare, Farshad Pazooki, Shahram Etemadi Haghighi
In this paper, the input and output of the Fuzzy controller have seven and five membership functions, respectively. In order to optimize the Fuzzy-SMC by means of intelligent GA, Fuzzy control inputs and output are replaced with binary numbers as follows: As can be observed, all membership functions of the Fuzzy controller have been replaced with 4 and 3-bit binary numbers. The first bit in these numbers represents the sign; indeed, if it equals one, it will be a negative number; and if it is zero, it will be a positive number. In the following, this pattern has been shown for one of the Fuzzy control membership functions. The Fuzzy rules are created as a result of the combination of the membership functions of Fuzzy control. For example, the first rule of Fuzzy control can be defined as follows: Thereby, each of the Fuzzy rules can be expressed as the binary numbers assigned to them. For instance, Fuzzy rule (34) becomes as follows: In this study, each of the Fuzzy rules expressible in the design of Fuzzy-SMC is defined in the form of a chromosome in order to design the intelligent GA. Therefore, the chromosome can be a combination of septet membership functions for the first input of Fuzzy control, septet membership functions for the second input of Fuzzy control and quintet membership functions for the output of Fuzzy control. In this way, the chromosome numbers of are defined as (36). In fact, this number of chromosomes constitutes the initial random population in the genetic optimization algorithm. Considering (36), there are three binary numbers in each 11-bit chromosome which mutually represent the input-output modes.