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Introduction to Reliability Design of Mechanical System
Published in Seong-woo Woo, Design of Mechanical Systems Based on Statistics, 2021
A refrigeration system utilized only for cooling is defined as a refrigerator. Generally, its capacity is defined as the amount of heat lowered than the surrounding environment, which is expressed in tons. It is equivalent to the heat required for melting one ton of ice in one day. One ton of refrigeration is the steady-state heat transfer rate required to melt 1 ton of ice at 32°F in 24 hours. That is, it can be expressed as 1 ton=144 Btu/lb ×2,000=288,000 Btu/day=12,000 Btu/hour (=3.516 kW)
Refrigeration Cycles and HVAC Systems
Published in S. Bobby Rauf, Thermodynamics Made Simple for Energy Engineers, 2021
The cooling capacity of refrigeration systems is often defined in units called “tons of refrigeration.” One ton of refrigeration represents the rate of refrigeration required to freeze a ton of 32°F (0°C), water in 24-hr period. Stated alternatively, a ton of refrigeration is the rate of heat removal necessary to freeze a 2000 lbm of saturated water, at 32°F (0°C), within a period of 24 hours. For water, one ton of refrigeration amounts to 12,000 Btu/hr (12,660 kJ/hr). This is premised on heat of fusion of water being 143.4 Btu/lbm as illustrated below:
Introduction to HVAC Systems
Published in Samuel C. Sugarman, HVAC Fundamentals, 2020
For this system, in the summer the total heat given off by the people, lights and equipment in the conditioned space plus the heat entering the space through the outside walls, windows, doors, roof, etc., and the heat contained in the outside ventilation air will be approximately 154,000 Btu/hr. A ton of refrigeration is equivalent to 12,000 Btu/hr of heat. Therefore, this HVAC system requires a chiller that can provide approximately 13 tons of cooling (154,000 Btu/hr ÷ 12000 Btu/hr/ton = 12.83 tons).
Experimental analysis of mass flow rate for partially condensed R-32 in an adiabatic straight capillary tube
Published in Experimental Heat Transfer, 2022
Maheshbhai Vanajara, Ravi Kumar, Anil Kumar
Many refrigerants, mostly halogenated and hydrocarbon-based, harm the environment and increase the global warming potential (GWP). Therefore, some new refrigerant is required to reduce GWP. A refrigeration system up to three (3) tons of refrigeration capacity is considered a small capacity refrigeration system. The refrigeration industry is using R-32 refrigerant for window and splits type air conditioning systems. Brands such as Voltas, L.G., Godrej, Panasonic, Samsung, etc., are using R-32 due to its low global warming potential and high energy efficiency performance. The capillary tube is used in a small capacity refrigeration system [1]. A capillary tube is used because of its low cost, zero maintenance, and small starting torque [2]. It is essential to decide the capillary tube size based upon the application before installing a capillary tube into the setup [3]. The length of a capillary tube varies from 1000 mm to 3000 mm, and the diameter ranges from 0.5 mm to 3.0 mm [4]. The experimental and numerical methods were used to predict refrigerant mass flow rate for the various operating parameters [5]. The extensive data of refrigerants used to generate a correlation for a refrigerant flow rate for the adiabatic capillary tube [6]. A correlation is to predict pressure drop characteristics of R134a is studied with multiport mini channels with and without fins [7]. Data for the mass flow rate of refrigerant R-32 for the capillary tube are not available in the literature. So it is essential to create an experimental setup and collect the data. A correlation for the mass flow rate of R-32 also will be required to develop. A preliminary investigation was carried out to study the effect of a different capillary tube parameter on the mass flow rate.