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Biomonitoring Human Pesticide Exposures
Published in Donald J. Ecobichon, Occupational Hazards of Pesticide Exposure, 2020
Planning also may be augmented by consideration of established workplace standards or measures of exposure such as PHED. Threshold limit values (TLVs) in the workplace can provide reference points for workplace exposures resulting from the occurrence of chemicals in air. The TLVs are published annually by the American College of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). They represent air levels of chemicals that have not been associated with disease for lifetime (40-year) work periods. Many chemicals carry a “skin notation” to indicate that exposure may result from both inhalation and dermal contact. Several dozen pesticide active ingredients are included among the standards (e.g., atrazine, borate, parathion, malathion). Many TLVs for inert ingredients also are listed and may be useful reference points for assessment of the consequences of workplace or indoor exposure. Biochemical exposure indices (BEIs) are lacking for active ingredients with established TLVs. BEIs could be a valuable reference point for pesticide biomonitoring in the workplace.
Generating Safety Recommendations
Published in Ronald M. Scott, in the WORKPLACE, 2020
The recommendations arrived at through animal testing are expressed in a variety of units. Much of the attention focuses on exposure by inhalation. The term MAC (maximum allowable concentration) was used for many years. More recently the TLV (Threshold Limit Value) was established by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). The exposure is enforced on a TWA (time-weighted average). A time-weighted average TLV assumes an eight-hour day and 40-hour week. The exposure levels of the compound are measured at intervals. As shown in Table 2.3, the TWA exposure is calculated by multiplying the concentration of compound in each analysis by the length of time of exposure to that level. These are summed and divided by the total time to produce an average exposure level.
Toxicity of Solvents
Published in Lorris G. Cockerham, Barbara S. Shane, Basic Environmental Toxicology, 2019
The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has listed TLVs for some chemicals, including solvents. TLV is defined as the concentration at which workers can be exposed for 8 h/d during a 40 h week without suffering harmful effects. A threshold limit value-ceiling (TLV-C) has also been proposed. This is an exposure concentration that should not be exceeded at any time during the working day. ACGIH has also published biological exposure indices (BEI) which represent the levels of chemicals or their metabolites which are likely to be detected in specimens collected from a healthy worker who has the same exposure to chemicals as the worker who is exposed by inhalation to the TLV. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has proposed recommended exposure limits (REL). The Occupational Safety and Health Administration enforces exposure conditions based upon permissible exposure limits (PELS). Rather than work with a single designated limit of threshold concentration for a chemical, an average concentration limit for an 8-h day, or time weighted average (TWA), has been established for some chemicals. Also, there is a short-term exposure limit (STEL) which is the maximum concentration to which workers can be continuously exposed for 15 min. No observable effect levels (NOEL) have been listed for many chemicals that have exposure limits at which no effect will occur.
Modeling the Effect of the 2018 Revised ACGIH® Hand Activity Threshold Limit Value® (TLV) at Reducing Risk for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Published in Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2019
Marcus Yung, Ann Marie Dale, Jay Kapellusch, Stephen Bao, Carisa Harris-Adamson, Alysha R. Meyers, Kurt T. Hegmann, David Rempel, Bradley A. Evanoff
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) caused by frequent, forceful hand exertions is one of the most common and costly work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSD).[1] The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists develops voluntary workplace exposure indices, thresholds, and limits to prevent occupational injuries and illnesses due to exposure to chemical and physical agents. In 2001, a threshold limit value (TLV) for Hand Activity was published to prevent MSD among workers performing repetitive single task jobs.[2] The TLV is meant to represent conditions under which nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed without adverse health effects; if exceeded, the risk of MSD is elevated, and control measures (e.g., engineering or administrative controls) should be employed to reduce exposure. A lower threshold, the Action Limit (AL), identifies a “moderate” risk exposure (see Figure 1A) and should trigger increased monitoring or surveillance to ensure health. Recent large studies from the U.S. and Italy examined the risk of new cases of CTS for exposures above and below the 2001 TLV and AL, and concluded that these standards were not sufficiently protective of workers.[3–5] The ACGIH subsequently revised the TLV for Hand Activity (see Figure 1B).[6] This study summarizes the effect of applying the 2018 TLV vs. the 2001 TLV to data from an occupational pooled cohort study.
The Impacts of Liquid Metal Plasma-Facing Components on Fusion Reactor Safety and Tritium Management
Published in Fusion Science and Technology, 2019
Paul W. Humrickhouse, Brad J. Merrill, Su-Jong Yoon, Lee C. Cadwallader
The DOE direction on occupational exposure states that if the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) threshold limit values (TLVs) for airborne chemical concentrations are lower (more protective) than the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) permissible exposure limits (PELs), then the ACGIH TLVs must be used.23 In other cases where OSHA and ACGIH do not have values but some other recognized body publishes an exposure limit, it is prudent for safety to adopt that limit. Table II gives occupational exposure respirable concentrations in air.
Semi-quantitative health risk assessment of exposure to chemicals in an aluminum rolling mill
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2021
Ashraf Sanjari, Reza Saeedi, Shokooh S. Khaloo
The exposure rate (ER) is determined based on the ratio of the weekly exposure rate to the permissible exposure limit: ER = (E / PEL). The PEL is the acceptable exposure rate or time-weighted average (TLV-TWA). The exposure rate score is defined between 1 and 5 according to the ratio of (E / PEL) as follows: 1 for (E / PEL) < 0.1; 2 for 0.1 < (E / PEL) < 0.5; 3 for 0.5 < (E / PEL) <1; 4 for 1 < (E / PEL) < 2; 5 for (E / PEL) ≥ 2 [13].