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The Human Cancer Situation
Published in Samuel C. Morris, Cancer Risk Assessment, 2020
Risk analyses have generally focused on predicting numbers of cancers rather than the effect on population survival. A more sophesticated approach to cancer risk assessment would include years of life lost, or take differences in fatality rate of cancers at different sites into account in some other way. Table 2-4 provides survival rates for this purpose; more detailed data are available (Ries et al., 1983). While these are imperfect and the factors discussed above must be considered, they allow survival rate to be included in a risk assessment. The relative survival rate given is the ratio of the observed survival rate to that expected in the general population, specific for age, sex, race, and calendar year. It thus corrects for other causes of death which might be expected even in someone who was not diagnosed with cancer and so estimates the chance of survival given that cancer diagnosis relative to expected survival without that cancer. Among the factors included in Table 2-4, differences in survival rate among primary site are the most striking, ranging from nil to nearly 90%. Females generally have a higher survival rate than males. The overall difference between men and women is about 15%, but most of this comes from the large difference in lung cancer incidence. Even after correcting for expected deaths from other causes, survival generally decreases with age. Finally, there is considerable variation by race in both size and direction of the differences in survival rate for different sites.
Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation in Relapsing Polychondritis
Published in Richard K. Burt, Alberto M. Marmont, Stem Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Disease, 2019
Falk Hiepe, Andreas Thiel, Oliver Rosen, Gero Massenkeil, Gerd-Rüdiger Burmester, Andreas Radbruch, Renate Arnold
Overall survival rates were reported to be 74% at 5 years and 55% at 10 years after diagnosis. The need for corticosteroid therapy did not influence survival.14 The outcome was far less dismal in another study, which documented a survival rate of 94% and an average disease duration of 8 years.13 The most common causes of death are infection, systemic vasculitis and malignancy. Only 10% of the deaths could be attributed to chondritis-related airway involvement. Other causes of death include respiratory failure from airway collapse or obstruction and complications of heart disease. Anemia at diagnosis was a marker for decreased survival in the entire group. For patients less than 51 years old, saddle-nose deformity and systemic vasculitis were the worst prognostic signs. In older patients, anemia was the only predictor of outcome.14
Lung Cancer Screening Using Low-Dose Computed Tomography
Published in Ayman El-Baz, Jasjit S. Suri, Lung Imaging and CADx, 2019
Alison Wenholz, Ikenna Okereke
In 60% of patients diagnosed with small cell lung cancer, the disease has already progressed to stage IV. Non–small cell lung cancer is diagnosed at stage IV in 50% of patients [2]. The prognosis of lung cancer is poor because it is diagnosed in the advanced stages. The mean survival after diagnosis is only 9 months, and the 5-year survival rate is 15% [5]. Breast cancer is currently diagnosed as stage I in 40% of patients [6]. This is due primarily to the comprehensive screening program that exists in the United States with annual mammograms for women. The majority of prostate cancer is currently diagnosed at stage I. This rate of early diagnosis is, once again, due in part to a screening program that exists for prostate cancer. The American Cancer Society recommends that beginning at age 50, men who are at average risk of prostate cancer have a conversation with their primary care provider about prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing and make an informed decision about whether to be tested based on their personal values and preferences. The widespread use of the PSA blood test has decreased because the test overinflated the diagnosed rate of prostate cancer. Colorectal cancer is currently diagnosed at a localized stage in 39% of patients. This is due to colonoscopy screening beginning at the age of 50. Colonoscopy allows physicians to detect and remove precancerous and cancerous lesions [1]. Current screening methods are effective at detecting breast cancer, prostate cancer, and colorectal cancer in their early stages. Compared to breast cancer, prostate cancer, and colorectal cancers, lung cancer is diagnosed at a much later stage because there is a lack of implemented screening. A widespread screening modality for lung cancer could increase the number of lung cancer cases detected at earlier, curable stages, thereby decreasing mortality.
Synthesis, spectral characterization and biological investigation of new organoruthenium(II) complexes with N, X-donor (X = S, O) heterocyclic chelators
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2023
Gobinath Eswaran, Dhatchinamoorthy Mari, Sabarinathan Devaraj, Kalaiarasi Giriraj
Cancer is the leading cause of death according to the World Health Organization (WHO), taking the lives of nearly ten million people in 2020 [1]. Cancer can develop at various sites in the living system, which makes its specific diagnosis and timely treatment difficult. Most cancers produce symptoms at later stages and hence the survival rate of persons diagnosed is low [2, 3]. Cancer is caused by a series of genetic mutations, which eventually disrupt the cell functions. Metal-based drugs like platinum serve as anticancer agents affecting the cancer cells and bringing about their death through either apoptosis or necrosis. Among them, cisplatin is the most widely used for treating various cancers such as testicular, ovarian, head, neck, bladder, lung, cervical, and several others. It has exhibited anti-neoplastic activity by crosslinking with DNA, blocking transcription and cell replication [4]. However, it has undesirable side effects like kidney problems, decreased immunity to infections, producing allergic reactions, gastrointestinal diseases, etc. [5]. Therefore, there is a need for new metallo-anticancer agents.
A PPM-based UNet for Tumour and Kidney Segmentation in CTScans
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2023
Marcus Vinicius S. L. Oliveira, Caio E. F. Matos, Geraldo Braz Júnior, Anselmo Cardoso de Paiva, João D. Sousa de Almeida, Gabriel J. S. Costa, Matheus L. L. Bessa, Mario P. Freitas Filho
The early diagnosis of this pathology becomes an essential tool for the prognosis and treatment of the disease, thus increasing the patient’s chances of cure. Patients diagnosed at an early stage of the disease have a 93% relative survival rate at five years. On the other hand, when the diagnosis is made at an advanced stage (disease metastasis), this rate is reduced to 12%, thus demonstrating the importance of this early diagnosis. In the search for early diagnoses, imaging tests have assumed a fundamental role in modern medicine, making it possible to identify, treat and exclude several diseases. Characteristics such as low cost, good quality image, speed of performance and applicability in different diagnoses make Computed Tomography (CT) one of the most accessible radiological exams for patients, being widely required in the health system Diagnostics (2020). The CT analysis process for identifying and removing important information is highly complex since the physician performs this task manually in a visual manner. Therefore, as it is a repetitive process, problems such as fatigue (physical and visual) and attention deviation can negatively influence the identification and evaluation of the structures found in the images.
Sampling method for studying the activity of lactic acid bacteria during spray drying
Published in Drying Technology, 2018
Pimin Gong, Lanwei Zhang, Jiliang Zhang, Xue Han, Huaxi Yi, Wei Di, Shiwei Chen
However, because of the direct contact with the hot air during the process, the survival rate of LAB is considerably low. For example, the survival rate of Lactobacillus kefir CIDCA8348 was found to be merely 2% after spray drying.[4] Many researchers have proposed various techniques to increase the survival rate based on knowledge of the mechanisms of inactivation and protection. The damage to the LAB during spray drying was specifically induced through dehydration inactivation and thermal inactivation.[5] However, most studies have been limited to the analysis of microbial changes and protection at the start and end of the process.