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Evaluating Your Train Simulator Part II: The Task Environment
Published in Chris Bearman, Anjum Naweed, Jillian Dorrian, Janette Rose, Drew Dawson, Evaluation of Rail Technology, 2017
Stimulus-response tasks abound with examples including: the Wilkinson Auditory Vigilance Task (e.g. Glenville, Broughton, Wing and Wilkinson, 1978), the Mackworth Clock (e.g. Williamson, Feyer, Mattick, Friswella and Finlay-Brown, 2001), four-choice vigilance (e.g. Lieberman, Tharion, Shukitt-Hale, Speckman and Tulley, 2002), visual vigilance (e.g. Magill et al., 2003), and the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT, e.g. Dinges and Powell, 1985). To explore one of these in more detail, the PVT has been used widely, particularly in relation to sustained attention testing during sleep loss and fatigue (Dinges and Powell, 1985; Dorrian et al., 2005). This task is delivered in various formats, including desktop computer, response box (Figure 9.14, left panel) and via palm pilot (Figure 9.14, right panel). Participants watch the response screen and press a response button with their dominant hand when they see the stimulus appear. The task typically lasts for 10 min (Dorrian et al., 2005), however, 20-min (Ratcliff and Van Dongen, 2011), 5-min (Loh, Lamond, Dorrian, Roach and Dawson, 2004) and even 90-s (Roach, Dawson and Lamond, 2006) versions have been used. Given the time constraints in an operational environment, 5-min versions, administered via palm pilot, are being increasingly employed to test sustained attention in the workplace (e.g. Ferguson, Paech, Dorrian, Roach and Jay, 2011; Ferguson et al., 2010).
Human-Computer Integration as an Extension of Interaction: Understanding Its State-of-the-Art and the Next Challenges
Published in International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 2023
Glívia Angélica Rodrigues Barbosa, Ulisses da Silva Fernandes, Natália Sales Santos, Raquel Oliveira Prates
The Interaction era is characterized by the use of technology as a tool to support users’ needs (Farooq & Grudin, 2016). In this era, the relationship between users and technologies can be (mainly) described as “stimulus-response.” The user executes input commands to make requests to the technology, and the technology responds to the user’s requests via output commands (e.g., Google returns the search result as requested by the user). Sometimes, the control can be inverted, and the technology initiates the interaction with the user (e.g., an alarm automatically rings at the scheduled time, and the user turns it off). However, even if the technology initiates the interaction, it is limited to responding to users’ requests (Farooq & Grudin, 2016).