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Switched-Capacitor Circuits
Published in Tertulien Ndjountche, CMOS Analog Integrated Circuits, 2017
The frequency responses of a discrete-time filter, an anti-aliasing filter and the overall system are shown in Figure 8.3. The discrete-time filter has a low-pass characteristic with a cutoff frequency fc and a stopband attenuation As. Note that the spectrum of every discrete-time system is replicated at multiples of the sampling frequency. The transition from the passband to the stopband of the anti-aliasing filter consists of the frequency region located between fs/2 and fs – fc. A lowpass filter prototype is characterized by a cutoff (or passband) frequency, a stopband frequency, a maximum attenuation (or ripple) in the passband, and a minimum attenuation in the stopband. Depending on the type of application, the filter transfer function can be approximated by functions known as the Butterworth, Bessel, Chebyshev, or elliptic response, each of which has its own advantages or disadvantages. The Butterworth filter exhibits the flattest passband and lowest attenuation in the stopband. The Bessel filter has a more gradual roll-off and features a linear phase response, resulting in a constant time delay over a wide range of frequencies through the passband. The Chebyshev filter has a steeper roll-off near the cutoff fre quency and ripples in the passband. The elliptic filter has the steepest roll-off and equal ripples in both passband and stopband.
Transfer Functions
Published in Le Nguyen Binh, Wireless And Guided Wave Electromagnetics, 2017
Further observations can be made here. The noise responses indicate that the nonlinear frequency transfer function of a highly dispersive fiber link is related directly to the fundamental linear transfer function of the fiber link. When the transmission is highly dispersive, the linear transfer function acts as a low-pass filter, and thus, all the energy concentrates in the passband of this filter, which may be lower than that of the signal at the transmitting end. This may lower the nonlinear effects, as given in Equation (8.36). For lower-dispersive fiber this transfer function would represent a low-pass filter with 3 dB roll-off frequency, much higher than that of a dispersive fiber. For example, the G.655 would have a dispersion factor about three times lower than that of the G.652 fiber. This wideband low-pass filter will allow the nonlinear effects of intrachannels and interchannel interactions. The dispersive accumulation term
Filters
Published in Hernando Lautaro Fernandez-Canque, Analog Electronics Applications, 2016
Hernando Lautaro Fernandez-Canque
The Chebyshev response gives oscillatory changes in amplitude as the frequencies get closer to the cutoff frequency. If the ripple is small the roll-off can be very fast. The Bessel response provides a more steady slow response around and beyond the frequency cutoff. They have a linear phase response. The Butterworth response provides a frequency response closer to one-pole response. They provide an almost constant gain voltage before the cutoff frequency for the low-pass filter or above the cutoff frequency for the high-pass filter. They present a roll-off frequency response of 20 dB/decade/order. The roll-off response is negative for the low-pass filter and positive for the high-pass filter.
Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on landfilling and recycling in the city of Fargo, North Dakota, USA
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2023
Biraj Saha, Md Tanbir Khan, Malachi Graupman, Hafiz Muhammad Umer Aslam, Anand K. Gupta, Grant Helmin, Mitchell Larson, Kylie Chard, Bailey Hayes, Rachel Anderson, Stephanie C. Bolyard, Kelly A. Rusch, Achintya N. Bezbaruah, Syeed Md Iskander
Residential collection of waste. Residential collection of waste is a service that consists of the collection of solid waste generated from single-family residences in Fargo. In Fargo, a single family can choose a small (48-gallon), medium (64-gallon), or large (96-gallon) garbage cart that is provided by the city. Commercial collection of waste. Commercial collection of refuse is a service of collecting waste from multi-family units, small to large business groups, park areas, schools, and city facilities in Fargo. This collection service is accomplished by dumpsters and rear road trucks. Roll-off collection of waste. Roll-off collection service consists of collecting waste from business groups and construction industries by using different sizes (20,30, and 42 cubic yards) of roll-off containers. To maintain this service, Fargo’s “solid waste division” provides licensed private haulers to collect waste in the city regularly. Industrial Waste. Industrial collection of waste is a service of collecting unwanted or residual materials which result from industrial operations. Also classified with industrial waste is manufacturing waste, which is a service of collecting waste from different manufacturing factories such as food manufacturing, print, and publishing. Inert Waste. Inert waste consists of collecting noncombustible, non-hazardous, non-reactive waste which cannot be degraded in landfills easily. Recycling. Yard waste composting and wood waste reusing is the top priority for reducing solid waste volume in Fargo landfills. In addition to these, voluntary separation of recyclables by the citizens has been implemented to reduce the volume of solid waste in landfills. The city has opened a drop site service for collecting cardboard, newspapers, metals, plastics, and glasses as recyclables.