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Introduction
Published in Larry W. Canter, Robert C. Knox, Ground Water Pollution Control, 2020
Larry W. Canter, Robert C. Knox
As a result of these overview studies, three generalizations about ground water pollution control strategies can be made. First, they are costly. Restoration costs may run into tens of millions of dollars. Second, they are time consuming. Because most problems have been recognized only after the pollutant has been moving and spreading for a number of years, the areal extent of pollution is often quite large. Consequently, it takes a long time to clean up these large problems. Third, aquifer restoration strategies are not always effective. Although the success ratio of recent years has increased, there are a number of instances where the cleanup strategy has been ineffective and second and third attempts to restore the aquifer have been made.
History of conservation
Published in Pere Roca, Paulo B. Lourenço, Angelo Gaetani, Historic Construction and Conservation, 2019
Pere Roca, Paulo B. Lourenço, Angelo Gaetani
At the Congress on the European Architectural Heritage held in Amsterdam in 1975, the European Charter of the Architectural Heritage was proclaimed and then adopted by the Council of Europe. After stressing the importance of regular buildings in the old towns (often referred to as ‘minor heritage’) and the importance of villages in their natural or man-made settings as built cultural heritage, the Charter focused on the current conditions of monuments. Article 6 reads: (Architectural) heritage is in danger. It is threatened by ignorance, obsolescence, deterioration of every kind and neglect. Urban planning can be destructive when authorities yield too readily to economic pressures and to the demands of motor traffic. Misapplied contemporary technology and ill-considered restoration may be disastrous to old structures. Above all, land and property speculation feeds upon all errors and omissions and brings to nought the most carefully laid plans.
Geomagnetic Disturbance as a Perfect Storm
Published in Olga Sokolova, Nikolay Korovkin, Masashi Hayakawa, Geomagnetic Disturbances Impacts on Power Systems, 2021
Olga Sokolova, Nikolay Korovkin, Masashi Hayakawa
Extreme weather and climate events are among the primary causes of infrastructure damage causing large-scale cascading power outages, or shifts in the end-use electricity demands leading to supply inadequacy risks [5]. Severe weather events caused approximately 80% of the large-scale outages from 2003 to 2012 [6]. The annual loss in the US from such extreme events ranges from USD 20 to 55 billion [7]. European grid experiences similar pattern of disturbances. 30–60% of outages are weather related [8]. The restoration may take weeks, months or sometimes even years [9]. The graphs for outage duration are heavy-tailed and right-skewed, where the part in the extreme tails represents a catastrophic event impact.
Salt Decay and Salt Mixtures in the Architectural Heritage: A Review of the Work of Arnold and Zehnder
Published in International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2022
As for conservation itself, the work of Arnold and Zehnder may seem at first to be quite poor. There is, for example, total absence of any relevant works on the preliminary assessment of products and materials for conservation. This is particularly evident, for example, in the article about the deterioration and conservation of stones in the Temple of Merenptah, Egypt (Arnold et al., 1986a). Early in the article, questions about the adequacy of standard conservation treatments are raised. It is mentioned, for example, the risk that restoration treatments will reduce instead of improving the long-term durability of the materials. However, no products or materials are tested and, so, these questions end up never being answered. There is a very detailed characterization of the constructions and their original materials and decay forms. The restoration strategy is also described, which ended up being very much based on the application of thermoplastic resin Paraloid B-72 and other products current in restoration. But no preliminary evaluation of the conservation processes and products is carried out. So, the question arises, why did Arnold and Zehnder leave out such a fundamental aspect?