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Rethinking offsite manufacturing for disaster resilience
Published in Jack S. Goulding, Farzad Pour Rahimian, Offsite Production and Manufacturing for Innovative Construction, 2019
Niraj Thurairajah, Gayan Wedawatta, Nirooja Thurairajah
Two of the main challenges that are normally faced during the recovery phase is that of time and cost overruns in reconstruction (Rus et al., 2018). This is particularly appreciable in developing countries, where houses are built on unsuitable areas such as wet-lands, flood plains, lower lands prone to flooding, etc. Thus, restorative provision needs to consider the local lifestyle, culture, beliefs, and the need to accommodate further development for future needs. This includes issues of layout and proximity between houses, social problems, lack of communication, and coordination between different stakeholders etc., all of which have an impact on the recovery phase. A typical example of these challenges includes infrastructure provision such as road network, transport systems, and sewerage systems. Even the construction of toilets without proper investigation into local site conditions can create additional hygiene issues (Care, 2016). It is therefore important to envisage these problems beforehand.
Atom/Ion Sources
Published in Peter E. J. Flewitt, Robert K. Wild, Physical Methods for Materials Characterisation, 2017
Peter E. J. Flewitt, Robert K. Wild
A simple, but powerful, extension of milling a single trench into a surface of a specimen is the use of multiple milled sections to allow the construction of 3-D features with the help of computer-based reconstruction techniques (Kubis et al. 2004, Moskovic et al. 2013, 2014, Zankel et al. 2014). Here, the ion beam is used to mill with nanometre precision sequential slices at length intervals appropriate to the microstructural features being evaluated, as summarised in Figures 6.40a through c. As pointed out by Kubis et al. (2004), a number of factors need to be taken into account when adopting this high-resolution tomographic approach to ensure the quality of the reconstructed images. These include (i) the size of the features being evaluated relative to the instrumental resolution, (ii) ensuring that the slices are parallel, planar and aligned consistent with the precision of the slice increment and (iii) selection of an appropriate reconstruction routine (Natick et al. 1992). Selected sections obtained when preparing a serial section from a reactor core graphite are shown in Figure 6.40b. All individual slices in the section can then be combined into a 3-D image (Figure 6.40c) (Darnbrough et al. 2014).
Safety vs. Economy in Performance-Based Design of Buildings: Inevitable Compromise or False Dilemma?
Published in Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2018
Grigorios E. Manoukas, Asimina M. Athanatopoulou
Finally, the rental cost depends on the time after the earthquake that the building remains out of service. In general, the precise determination of the downtime is very difficult given that it varies depending on not only the damage level, but also economic and social factors. This is reflected to statistical data collected from recent earthquakes [Comerio, 2006; Comerio and Blecher, 2010]. In the framework of the present study, it is considered that the time needed for the reconstruction of a fully collapsed building is 18 months. The downtime of each building for each earthquake scenario (in months) is calculated multiplying 18 by the percent obtained from Table 7. Then, the rental cost is calculated on the basis of the realistic assumption that the rent of a typical building in Greece is about 4 €/m2 per month. This value is increased by 25% in order to account indirectly of the relocation cost. The rental cost adopted is equal to the one used by Dimitrakopoulos and Kappos [2008], but much lower than the 7 €/m2 per month cost used by Lagaros et al. [2006]. This difference reflects the significant reduction of rents in Greece during the last years due to the economic crisis. It should be noted that for buildings with special uses such as hospitals, emergency operations centers, etc., and especially for low seismic intensities, the critical response quantities that control the downtime may be the floor accelerations [Gillengerten, 2014]. However, for the buildings analyzed in the present study, the interstory drift is deemed as the most appropriate response quantity for the estimation of downtime.