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Overview of Testing Techniques
Published in William E. Lewis, David Dobbs, Gunasekaran Veerapillai, Software Testing and Continuous Quality Improvement, 2017
William E. Lewis, David Dobbs, Gunasekaran Veerapillai
In black-box, or functional testing, test conditions are developed on the basis of the program or system’s functionality; that is, the tester requires information about the input data and observed output, but does not know how the program or system works. Just as one does not have to know how a car works internally to drive it, it is not necessary to know the internal structure of a program to execute it. The tester focuses on testing the program’s functionality against the specification. With black-box testing, the tester views the program as a black box and is completely unconcerned with the internal structure of the program or system. Some examples in this category include decision tables, equivalence partitioning, range testing, boundary value testing, database integrity testing, cause–effect graphing, orthogonal array testing, array and table testing, exception testing, limit testing, and random testing.
Designing an optimization carbon cost network in a reverse supply chain
Published in Production & Manufacturing Research, 2019
Factors determining expenditure are investigated depending upon the facility type (on-site, inter-facility and total tCO2e) from on-site electricity utilization per unit, based upon real sites in the Boston Metropolitan region. The quantification of emissions is accomplished through the use of a direct carbon tax, the value of which varies according to the ranges presented at the 21st Climate Change Conference (COP21) in Paris by the US Interagency Working Group (Interagency Working Group, 2013) and the US Environmental Protection Agency (US Environmental Protection Agency, 2015): this will identify how the policy proposed will impact the profitability of remanufactured goods. The consumption and expenditures data are taken from the latest 2012 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS) and the 2010 Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey (MECS) databases (EIA, U.S, 2012, 2010), based on the New England census division. A deterministic and stochastic model is developed, and orthogonal array testing allows for full consideration of all possible inputs in each system.