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Do seat-bets remanin effective? A conditioning model and its implications
Published in Don Harris, Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics, 2020
Fuller invokes simple learning in humans and non-humans, particularly classical and operant conditioning (Leslie, 1996). Such learning depends on the interactions between positive reinforcers (rewarding outcomes), negative reinforcers (aversive outcomes) and extinction (loss of reinforcement). In classical conditioning, low» level physiological responses become associated with otherwise neutral stimuli. For example, collisions on the road entail fear responses, undesired outcomes preparing the individual to cope with threat to life; classical conditioning is illustrated if, say, the collision site comes to evoke fear responses in its own right. Operant conditioning concerns behaviour that is broadly under voluntary control. For example, a driver may generally travel fast because this is reinforced by the rewarding outcome of early arrival at destination.
Embodied AI, or the tale of taming the fungus eater
Published in Arkapravo Bhaumik, From AI to Robotics, 2018
The contrast of classical and operant conditioning is that the former warrants a reflexive behaviour while the latter works to manipulate a stimuli to control the subject’s behaviour. Behaviourism has directly influenced agent-based robotics, the takeaways are: Behaviourism is primarily concerned with observable behaviour, as opposed to internal events like thinking and emotion. Observable (i.e., external) behaviour can be objectively and scientifically measured. Internal events, such as thinking, should be explained through behavioural terms — or eliminated altogether.People have no free will; a person’s environment determines behaviourWhen born, our mind is a blank slate, with no memory, nor any experience.There is little difference between the learning that takes place in humans and that in other animals. Therefore research can be carried out on animals as well as humans.Behaviour is the result of response to stimulus. Thus, all behaviour, no matter how complex, can be reduced to simple stimulus response models. Skinner’s stimulus-response (SR) theory was an effort to reinforce a positive behaviour while eliminating an undesirable behaviour.All behaviour is learned from the environment. New behaviours are learned through classical or operant conditioning.
Introduction Learning and Thought
Published in Jon M. Quigley, Shawn P. Quigley, Continuous and Embedded Learning for Organizations, 2020
Jon M. Quigley, Shawn P. Quigley
B.F. Skinner was an American psychologist whose contribution to learning cannot be denied. Skinner coined the term operant conditioning. Operant conditioning is learning that is facilitated through rewards and punishments. In this case, rewards and punishments are deliberately used to alter behavior to that which is acceptable or even desired.
Simulated Phishing Attack and Embedded Training Campaign
Published in Journal of Computer Information Systems, 2022
William Yeoh, He Huang, Wang-Sheng Lee, Fadi Al Jafari, Rachel Mansson
According to Skinner, the father of operant conditioning theory, operant conditioning is a behaviorism learning method that occurs through rewards and punishments.16–18 Based on Thorndike’s law of effect, which considers that behavior with pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated, and vice versa, Skinner introduced an element called ‘reinforcement’. Skinner’s experiments revealed that an organism’s behavior could be modified through ‘reinforcement’ – that is, behavior that is reinforced tends to be strengthened, whereas behavior that is not reinforced tends to be weakened.16–18
A cerebellar operant conditioning-inspired constraint satisfaction approach for product design concept generation
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2023
Mingdong Li, Shanhe Lou, Yicong Gao, Hao Zheng, Bingtao Hu, Jianrong Tan
A key cognitive process in conceptual design is the establishment of operant conditioning. Operant conditioning is a process through which humans learn to behave in such a way to obtain rewards and avoid punishments (Lorenzetti, Baxter, and Byrne 2008). Behaviours followed by pleasant consequences are more likely to be repeated, and vice versa. Different from classical conditioning which involves involuntary behaviours, operant conditioning is the spontaneous response that reflects humans’ active adaptation to the environment. This process is closely related to the regulation mechanism of the cerebellum.
Smartphone addiction and associated consequences: role of loneliness and self-regulation
Published in Behaviour & Information Technology, 2019
Recent years have witnessed numerous ‘behavioural addictions’ other than drugs such as food addiction, gambling addiction, internet addiction, shopping addiction and so on (Berridge and Robinson 2016; Davis and Carter 2009; Gearhardt et al. 2011; Hartston 2012; Linnet et al. 2012; O'Sullivan et al. 2011; Ray et al. 2012; Voon et al. 2014; Montag, Bey, and Sha 2014). Brain contains two distinct but interconnected subcortical and unconscious processes (Robinson et al. 2015); one that is responsible for the core process of hedonic pleasure, or ‘liking’ and other responsible for the visceral feeling of desire or ‘wanting’ what Robinson and Berridge (1993) termed as incentive salience. In drug addiction, repeated consumption sensitises mesolimbic dopamine system, the primary component of the ‘wanting’ system, resulting in excessive ‘wanting’ for drugs and their cues (Robinson et al. 2015). These cues like a ‘motivational magnets’ draws attention and dictates behaviour. These reward-associated cues with incentive salience triggers a sudden urge to obtain the reward resulting in overindulgence, even to the point of negative consequences like loss of job and family (Robinson and Berridge 2008). Usually, addicts ‘want’ an object because they ‘like’ it and more they ‘like’ it more they ‘want’ it. ‘The neural system responsible for incentive salience attribution can even produce goal-directed behaviour (‘wanting’) in the absence of subjective pleasure (Robinson and Berridge 2001; Lamb, Preston, and Schindler 1991) and conscious awareness of it’ (Robinson and Berridge 1993, 2000, 2001; Berridge and Robinson 1995; Berridge 1996, 1999). The present study uses insight of ‘Incentive-Sensitization Theory’ of addiction that suggests addictive behaviour as progressive and persistent neuroadaptations caused by the repeated use (Robinson and Berridge 1993). In learning theory, the term ‘operant conditioning’ refers to the principle of reward and punishment. Users are rewarded for use of smart gadgets in terms of perceived gainful experiences and feelings of happiness and enjoyment (Chakraborty, Basu, and Kumar 2010). According to the ‘law of effect’ a rewarding behaviour is reinforced and encourages higher involvement. Hence is likely to be repeated and can become addictive (Roberts 2011; Alavi et al. 2012; Griffiths 2000; Grover et al. 2011; Roberts and Pirog 2012).