China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Sample Preparation Techniques to Isolate and Recover Organics and Inorganics
Published in Paul R. Loconto, Trace Environmental Quantitative Analysis, 2020
Today, most of the 50 states in the United States conduct routine newborn screening programs and collect blood as dried spots for temporal biomonitoring. With funding from the CDC, the New York State Department of Health in collaboration with SUNY Albany report on a study designed to quantitate five perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) whose molecular structures are shown below in newborn blood spots. Between 1997 and 2007 blood spot specimens were collected that represent a total of 2,640 infants. All five analytes were detected in ≥90%ofthespecimens! Concentrations of PFOS, PFOSA, PFHxS, and PFOA exhibited significant exponential declines after the year 2000. This coincided with the phase-out in PFOS production in the U.S. The utility of using newborn screening program for assessment of temporal trends in exposure was demonstrated.135
Optimal data-driven policies for disease screening under noisy biomarker measurement
Published in IISE Transactions, 2020
Saloumeh Sadeghzadeh, Ebru K. Bish, Douglas R. Bish
In this section, we perform a case study of Cystic Fibrosis (CF) screening for newborns. In the US, every state has a program that screens newborns for a panel of genetic diseases (using dried blood spots routinely obtained from the newborns). With a prevalence rate of approximately 1 in 3700 newborns in the US (Rohlfs et al., 2011; Baker et al., 2016), CF is one of the most prevalent genetic diseases, and is included in every state’s newborn screening panel (Cystic Fibrosis Foundation; Paracchini et al., 2011). Newborn screening for CF allows for early diagnosis, and can substantially improve health outcomes (Kloosterboer et al., 2009; Dijk et al., 2011). Newborns with false negative screening results experience a delayed diagnosis, which complicates the treatment process, and may result in poor health outcomes, including severe malnutrition, lung disease, and fatality (Farrell et al., 2001; Sims et al., 2007). On the other hand, false positive screening results cause parental distress and result in further, expensive tests, including genetic tests, and the diagnostic sweat chloride test, which is too expensive for screening purposes and must be performed at a specialized testing facility (Cytic Fibrosis Foundtion; Kammesheidt et al., 2006; Tiuczek et al., 2012; Kharrazi et al., 2015; Castellani et al., 2016; Currier et al., 2017).