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The evolution of net zero energy building
Published in Ming Hu, Net Zero Energy Building, 2019
The second influential building standard was Minergie, a new standard created in Switzerland in 1994 for both new construction and renovation. Minergie was directed at low energy consumption buildings based on the ideas of Ruedi Kriesi and Heinz Uebersax.27 In 1997, Minergie-P was created with more rigorous requirements, which was the equivalent of the Passive House standard in Switzerland.
National practices
Published in François de Larrard, Horacio Colina, Concrete Recycling, 2019
S. Braymand, W. Pillard, R. Bodet, P. Francisco
Here bellow the propositions on using concrete waste in concrete of the three more incentive labels are described: BREEAM: “Aggregates Recycled in Concrete” subsection of the “Waste” heading specifies that if national building regulations permit regulatory level of less than 50% recycled aggregates, exemplary credit can be obtained when the percentage of recycled aggregates used is greater than or equal to 35%. Where there is no maximum regulatory level, the 50% requirement must be met to provide this credit. It’s important to note that the weight of the subsection “Waste” is only 7 for a global note of 119, and in these 7 credits, only one deals with the use of recycled aggregates in concrete.VERDE: A first interesting criterion (in “Natural resources” heading) is based on the calculation of the recycled materials cost percentage compared to the total cost of the used materials, and this whatever the recycled material is. The aim of this approach is based on the fact that the use of recycled materials must be done in a global vision, so that more the costs are high less the use is interesting. Two thresholds are used: 10% and 20%. “Recycled concrete with a strength not exceeding 40 N/mm2” subsection presents a more incentive criterion. This qualification (40 N/mm2) for concrete implies that recycled aggregate are not used for high performance concrete. It allows to obtain credits which can, represent a maximum of four points on a total of 40. In the best case the use of “recycled concrete with mechanical resistance less than 40 MPa” will represent 10% of the global note.MINERGIE-ECO: Minergie-Eco, established in 2006 in Switzerland, complements the Minergie certification, which did not address the issue of choice of materials and environmental impacts. Minergie-Eco fosters a low impact on the building environment and the preservation of resources, from construction to demolition. Minergie-Eco comprises an exclusion criterion for applicants who do not comply with concrete recycling provision. Local lack of natural aggregates in several cantons and the competitive price of recycled materials justify the existence of this criterion. Between all the proposed criteria there is in this label a clear incentive since the criterion “raw materials widely available and higher share of recycling material” refers unambiguously to that requirement. A set of requirements relate to the local availability of the resource. Indeed, it should be noted that for an operation to be labeled Minergie-Eco, it is imperative that 50% of the concrete parts are concrete made of recycled concrete (designed by RC-concrete), according to technical specifications SIA 2030. Figure 35.3 shows the parts of the structure in which it is possible to use RAC. On the other hand, if the distance between the concrete plant and the site exceeds 25 km or if the cost of recycled concrete is much higher than that of conventional concrete, an exception may be granted.
Toward comprehensive zero energy building definitions: a literature review and recommendations
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 2021
Javad Taherahmadi, Younes Noorollahi, Mostafa Panahi
The MINERGIE Standard is a national energy building code in Switzerland. A building that is made based on the MINERGIE standard should be well insulated and would use energy-efficient ventilation systems and the highest possible renewable energy consumption. After the ‘basic’ label of MINERGIE, the MINERGIE -P standard was introduced, which indicated lower energy consumption and higher thermal comfort fit. After that, the MINERGIE -A standard was introduced, which focused on the greater use of photovoltaic systems and load management to increase quality and comfort requirements (Pastore and Andersen 2019).