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Human Information Processing
Published in Julie A. Jacko, The Human–Computer Interaction Handbook, 2012
Robert W. Proctor, Kim-Phuong L. Vu
STM refers to representations that are currently being used or have recently been used and last for a short duration. A distinguishing characteristic is that STM is of limited capacity. This point was emphasized in Miller’s (1956) classic article, “The Magical Number Seven Plus or Minus Two,” in which he indicated that capacity is not simply a function of the number of items, but rather the number of “chunks.” For example, “i, b, m” are three letters, but most people can combine them to form one meaningful chunk of “IBM.” Subsequent evidence indicates that the capacity of STM for verbal material is less than originally estimated by Miller, being three chunks when covert rehearsal is prevented (Chen and Cowan 2009). As a consequence of chunking, memory span is similar for strings of unrelated letters and strings of meaningful acronyms or words. Researchers refer to the number of items that can be recalled correctly, in order, as memory span. When rehearsal is not prevented, the memory span for words varies as a function of word length: The number of words that can be retained decreases as word length increases (Baddeley, Thomson, and Buchanan 1975). Evidence has indicated that the capacity is the number of syllables that can be said in about 2 seconds (Schweickert and Boruf 1986).
A-TEAM: Targets for Training, Feedback and Assessment of all OR Members’ Teamwork
Published in Rhona Flin, Lucy Mitchell, Safer Surgery, 2009
Carl-Johan Wallin, Leif Hedman, Lisbet Meurling, Li Felländer-Tsai
Working memory, previously termed short-term memory, is a theoretical construct studied within cognitive psychology which has been applied to image guided surgical simulation (Hedman et al. 2007). It refers to the mental structures and processes used for temporarily storing and elaborating information. Working memory is generally considered to have limited capacity. We cannot focus on everything at once. We quickly become overburdened. In his classical article in the history of psychology, Miller (1956) was the first cognitive psychologist who introduced the ‘magical number seven’ as a quantification of the capacity limit associated with short-term memory. The memory span of young adults was around seven elements (chunks), regardless whether the elements were letters, words, digits or other units. However, more recent research has shown that many different factors affect a person’s measured span. It is therefore generally difficult to state that the capacity of short-term or working memory is an absolute number of chunks. Nonetheless, Cowan (2005) suggested that working memory may have a capacity of about four chunks in young adults, and fewer in children and old adults.
Memory and Training
Published in Christopher D. Wickens, Justin G. Hollands, Simon. Banbury, Raja. Parasuraman, Engineering Psychology and Human Performance, 2015
Christopher D. Wickens, Justin G. Hollands, Simon. Banbury, Raja. Parasuraman
The limiting case occurs when a number of items cannot be successfully recalled even immediately after their presentation and with full attention allocated to their rehearsal, as in the seven item curve in Figure 7.3. This limiting number is sometimes referred to as the memory span. As we have already discussed, working-memory span is measured by requiring some form of cognitive processing (e.g., reading sentences or simple arithmetic), coupled with remembering the final words of the sentences, arithmetic totals, or unrelated words (e.g., Turner & Engle, 1989). Memory span is simply the maximum number of items that are recalled correctly.
User Requirement Analysis for Smart Voice Technology for Older Adults with Visual Impairments
Published in International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 2020
Hyung Nam Kim, Boubacar Oumarou
Furthermore, there is lack of understanding of the combined effects of memory span, aging, and visual impairments. While memory span is likely to be decreased due to aging in general populations (i.e., sighted individuals), it is not clear yet as to the degree to which memory span is likely to be decreased in older adults with visual impairments. As the underlying mechanisms are unclear about the combined effects of visual impairments and aging on memory span of auditory information, researchers and professionals are likely to encounter a challenge with developing a user-centered design of voice technology suitable for older adults with visual impairments.
Supervised subgraph augmented non-negative matrix factorization for interpretable manufacturing time series data analytics
Published in IISE Transactions, 2020
Hongyue Sun, Ran Jin, Yuan Luo
In this article, we use piecewise constant approximation for the time series in each interval, due to its easy interpretation and computation. For an illustration, we generate a time series with a sine waveform with length 200 in Figure 3(a). During the discretization in time, the time series is equally truncated into intervals of length A piecewise constant function is then used to approximate the time series in each interval (the green bars in Figure 3(b)). After the discretization in time, we have the original time series of length 200 in Figure 3(a) approximated by the curve of length 10 in Figure 3(c), where each node corresponds to an interval in Figure 3(b). Based on the property of the time series under study, one can also use adaptive piecewise constant approximation, where the interval length can vary according to the data (Liu et al., 2008). As mentioned, piecewise constant approximation can yield a comparable prediction accuracy to basis expansion approaches (Daw et al., 2003; Lin et al., 2007). However, there is no systematic method to determine the number of intervals for discretization in the time axis and discretized levels for discretization in the measurement axis during time series representation. In this article, we use human working memory capacity to guide the selection of the number of intervals and discretized levels (Baddeley, 2003; Lin et al., 2007). Working memory is short-term memory for cognitive tasks. In cognitive psychology studies, the working memory can hold seven unrelated items (digits, letters, or words) on average in a digit-span task, where the maximum number of unrelated items is called the memory span (Miller, 1956). By combining several items into groups, the memory span can be increased to 15 on average (Baddeley, 2003). The memory span can be further increased to a few tens of items after regular training (Klingberg, 2010). A larger number of intervals and discretized levels of time series will yield less information loss, but be more difficult for human operators to memorize and understand, and vice versa. We limit the number of intervals within working memory capacity during the graph generation.