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Digital audio principles
Published in Francis Rumsey, Desktop Audio Technology, 2003
In the decimal number system each digit of a number represents a power of ten. In a binary system each digit or bit represents a power of two (see Figure 2.4). It is possible to calculate the decimal equivalent of a binary integer (whole number) by using the method shown. A number made up of more than one bit is called a binary ‘word’, and an 8-bit word is called a ‘byte’ (from ‘by eight’). Four bits is called a ‘nibble’. The more bits there are in a word the larger the number of states it can represent, with 8 bits allowing 256 (28) states and 16 bits allowing 65 536 (216). The bit with the lowest weight (20) is called the least significant bit or LSB and that with the greatest weight is called the most significant bit or MSB. The term kilobyte or Kbyte is used to mean 1024 or 210 bytes and the term megabyte or Mbyte represents 1024 Kbytes.
Digital video
Published in John Watkinson, Television Fundamentals, 1996
In decimal systems, the digits in a number (counting from the right, or least significant end) represent ones, tens, hundreds, thousands, etc. Figure 3.3 shows that in binary the bits represent one, two, four, eight, sixteen, etc. A multidigit binary number is commonly called a word, and the number of bits in the word is called the wordlength. The right-hand bit is called the Least Significant Bit (LSB) and the bit on the left-hand end of the word is called the Most Significant Bit (MSB). Clearly more digits are required in binary than in decimal, but they are more easily handled. A word of eight bits is called a byte. The capacity of memories and storage media is measured in bytes, but to avoid large numbers, kilobytes, megabytes and gigabytes are often used. As memory addresses are themselves binary numbers, the wordlength limits the address range. The range is found by raising two to the power of the wordlength. Thus a four-bit word has sixteen combinations, and could address a memory having sixteen locations. A ten-bit word has 1024 combinations, which is close to one thousand. In digital terminology, 1K = 1024, so a kilobyte of memory contains 1024 bytes. A megabyte (1MB) contains 1024 kilobytes and a gigabyte contains 1024 megabytes.
Why digital?
Published in John Watkinson, The Art of Digital Audio, 2013
The capacity of memories and storage media is measured in bytes, but to avoid large numbers, kilobytes, megabytes and gigabytes are often used. As memory addresses are themselves binary numbers, the wordlength limits the address range. The range is found by raising two to the power of the wordlength. Thus a four-bit word has sixteen combinations, and could address a memory having sixteen locations. A ten-bit word has 1024 combinations, which is close to one thousand. In digital terminology, 1K = 1024, so a kilobyte of memory contains 1024 bytes. A megabyte (1 MB) contains 1024 kilobytes and a gigabyte contains 1024 megabytes.
Job failure prediction in Hadoop based on log file analysis
Published in International Journal of Computers and Applications, 2022
Ehsan Shirzad, Hamid Saadatfar
Another parameter that can affect the jobs status is the volume of input/output data. To study this parameter, we considered the read and write byte counters of the jobs and calculated the sum of the values of these counters. Figure 3 shows the status of the jobs in I/O data volume ranges. In byte range (from one byte to less than one kilobyte) and KB range (from one kilobyte to less than one megabyte), the success rate of the jobs is almost the same and near 100%. However, an increase in I/O data volume decreases the success rate of the jobs, generally; and in TB range (one terabyte of I/O volume and more), the failure rate of the jobs is greatly increased. Thus, I/O data volume is another useful feature that we derived from the log files.