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Graphical Approaches
Published in Theodore Louis, Behan Kelly, Introduction to Optimization for Environmental and Chemical Engineers, 2018
For engineering use, the most common form of graph paper is the 8 1/2 × 11-inch sheet, having 20 lines per inch, with every fifth line accented, and every tenth line heavily accented. This type of coordinate graph may be obtained on drawing or tracing paper, with lines in black, orange, or green, and with or without accented and heavy lines; it is also available in other sizes. Also note that once again the bulk of the development in the last section of this chapter will key on rectangular coordinates.
Illumination
Published in David W. Tyler, Electrical Power Technology, 2016
If the lamp is turned through 90° as shown in Figure 6.8(b) the luminous intensity of the lamp at right angles to its axis is being found. The process is carried out at intervals of 10° or 20° throughout a complete revolution of the fitting. Thus the luminous intensity of the lamp and its reflector in any particular direction is evaluated. A plot of the results on polar graph paper is referred to as the polar diagram.
Analytical and experimental investigations on large deflection analysis of composite cantilever beams
Published in Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 2022
Souhia Bouadjadja, Abdelouahab Tati, Belhi Guerira
During this work, several bending experiments were performed on several cantilevered beams. For these experiments four (PG) beams with a length of L = 500 mm, a width of W = 20 mm, a thickness of t = 2 mm and twelve (RSM) beams with a length of L = 250 mm, a width of W = 15 mm, a thickness of t = 3 mm were prepared. A vertical metallic stand was used for bending tests. To measure the horizontal and the vertical displacements, a graph paper sheet was placed on a vertical metallic stand then a pencil was fixed on the tip of the beam to draw the deflection curve on the graph paper during the tests Figures 8 and 9. The beams were first fixed accurately to the stand by a metallic rod at one end and loaded at the free end. Then, the beams were loaded manually by using a series of different metallic masses with a metallic axis which was placed at the free end of the beam.
Design optimization, fabrication, and performance evaluation of solar parabolic trough collector for domestic applications
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Muhammad Faheem, Liu Jizhan, Muhammad Waqar Akram, Muhammad Usman Khan, Piyaphong Yongphet, Muhammad Tayyab, Muhammad Awais
In the experimental design, a 631 nm laser light used for the light source, a stainless steel scale about 1 m length was bend manually in approximately parabolic curve shape and an aluminum foil was stick with steel scale for reflecting of laser light after striking on it, drawing nails were used to fixed steel scale tightly on the graph paper after ensuring that all the laser light after striking reflected back to a same focus point. Drywall nails also used for fixing graph paper on hardboard. The parabola curve template was drawn with a lead pencil on the graph paper with the laser beam line reflected and the focal point as shown in Figure 1. The distance of focus point from the origin of the parabola was measured with scale as 16.5 cm. After that, check that the parabola template along with the parabola equation which will ensure the focus point from the origin must be same both from the equation and using laser light and stainless steel scale method (Experimental technique).