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Plants and Equipment
Published in Carl Bozzuto, Boiler Operator's Handbook, 2021
The flow differential curve is the first one to look for. In many cases, they will be the darkest lines on the paper. The normal form of a curve lists the differential on the left side of the curve and the flow on the bottom. Differential is typically listed in feet, meaning head. That value has to be converted to psi to see how much pressure boost can be obtained from the pump. Some curves will show psi since the pump is not affected much by density. The rate of flow is normally listed in gallons per minute (gpm). Don’t be surprised to see gallons per hour or hundreds of gpm. If there is no label, it is likely to be gpm. There are several lines on the curve. The pump can pump more than one type of liquid and some have variations in construction. The typical centrifugal pump, where the curves are almost always for cold water, will have different lines for the choices of impeller diameters. Normally, the curve is marked with the design point to show what diameter impeller was installed in the pump. Otherwise, look elsewhere in the manual to find out what size impeller was installed.
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Published in J. Russell Boulding, Epa Environmental Engineering Sourcebook, 2019
An air-stripping system, which employed liquid-phase GAC to polish the effluent, was installed at the Sydney Mine site in Valrico, Florida. The air-stripping tower was 4 feet in diameter, 42 feet tall, and contained a 24-foot bed of 3.5-inch diameter polyethylene packing. The average design water flow was 150 gallons per minute (gpm) with a hydraulic loading rate of 12 gpm/ft2 and a volumetric air-to-water ratio of approximately 200:1. The air-stripping tower was oversized for use at future treatment sites. Effluent water from the air stripper was polished in a carbon adsorption unit. Table 15-2 summarizes the performance data for the complete system; it is unclear how much removal was accomplished by the air stripper and how much by the activated carbon. Influent concentrations of total organics varied from approximately 25 parts per billion (ppb) to 700 ppb [13, p. 41].
Water Management
Published in Moncef Krarti, Energy Audit of Building Systems, 2020
The water flow rate from showerheads depends on the actual inlet water pressure. In accordance with the Energy Policy Act of 1992, the showerhead flow rates are reported at an inlet water pressure of 80 psi. The water flow rate is about 4.0 gpm (gallons per minute) for older showerheads and 2.2 gpm for newer showerheads. The best available water-efficient showerheads have flow rates as low as 1.5 gpm. In addition to savings in water usage, water-efficient showerheads provide savings in heating energy cost. The calculation procedure for the energy use savings due to reduction in the water volume to be heated is presented in Section 12.2.3 and is illustrated in Example 12.1.
Simulation of the Axial-Flow Centrifugal Bubble Separator for Liquid-Fueled Molten Salt Reactors Using Eulerian Two-Fluid Model
Published in Nuclear Science and Engineering, 2023
The results shown in Fig. 5 are obtained at the design liquid flow rate of of 500 gallons per minute (GPM). Experiments are also performed at lower flow rates of 300 and 400 GPM, yet the pressure conditions are not reported. Nevertheless, simulations are performed assuming that the pressure difference scales with the square of the liquid flow rate and that the bubble diameter distribution stays the same. The separator efficiency with small bubbles at different flow rates are shown in Fig. 6. From the results, general agreement between the experiment and the simulation is found. The separator efficiencies from the simulation and the experiment both decrease when the liquid flow rate is reduced. This reduction is more severe at lower gas flow rates as shown by both the experiment and the simulation. Overall, the simulation predicts a weaker influence from the liquid flow rate. The absence of experimental pressure data could contribute to this disagreement.
Addressing corrosion control and valve tuberculation in a water distribution system supplied by a silica-laden groundwater
Published in Urban Water Journal, 2018
Samantha Myers-O’Farrell, Steven J. Duranceau
Consequently, at the beginning of each experiment, virgin coupons and probes were installed and pre-corroded for method consistency that allowed different inhibitors to be evaluated. To mimic peak flows in the WDS, water flow through the rack occurred twice daily (morning and afternoon) for three hours. Average flows in the distribution system are 5 gallons per minute (gpm), thus the flow rate in the apparatus was also 5 gpm. The flow rate was controlled with a timer and flowmeter. Water samples were collected from each condition (control and test) and were analyzed daily or weekly depending on specific water quality parameters. Corrosion rates and water quality data collected on site were recorded on daily log sheets.