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Determinants of Technological Inputs
Published in Shanzi Ke, Beyond Capital and Labor, 2018
Rees and Stafford (1983) used two survey data sets—one is collected by the authors, the other is from the Congress’ Joint Economic Committee—to examine the location factors that influence high-technology industries. The locational variables included those related to the friction of distance as well as those related to the attributes of areas: labor availability, quality, and cost; quality of life and other amenity variables; access to markets, materials, and various transportation networks; access to development capital; and so on. Among these variables, labor skills and availability, transportation availability, quality of life, market access, utilities supply, and tax climate within region emerged to be the most important locational factors in location decisions of high-tech plants. Depending on the data sets used, the ranks of the importance of these variables were somewhat different.
Dispersion in Shallow Estuaries
Published in Björn Kjerfve, Hydrodynamics of Estuaries, 1988
A velocity distribution for turbulent flow slightly different from Equation 5 has been derived by von Karman. In addition to a different law of turbulent friction than Prandtl, von Karman assumed a linear decrease in turbulent friction with distance z. The velocity distribution is somewhat unwieldier than Prandtl’s and therefore used less.5
Revisiting the death of geography in the era of Big Data: the friction of distance in cyberspace and real space
Published in International Journal of Digital Earth, 2018
Su Yeon Han, Ming-Hsiang Tsou, Keith C. Clarke
Long a focus of geographical spatial analytic theory, the effect of distance on spatial interaction has been examined by many scholars over the past decades (for a definition of spatial interaction, see the Background). Tobler (1970) suggested the concept of distance decay in proposing his first law of geography: ‘everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things.’ Distance decay describes how spatial interaction decreases with increasing distance between two places because of the penalties in travel time and cost associated with longer distances. This effect has been termed the ‘friction of distance.’