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Buildings and Facilities
Published in Graham P. Bunn, Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceuticals, 2019
In order to meet lighting requirements, it is necessary for the manufacturer to define the term “adequate.” It is defined as the amount of light (lux or foot-candles) reaching the working surface for each area involved in the production of pharmaceuticals. Public standards exist for some types of work. Normally, a range of 30–50 foot-candles ensure worker comfort and ability to perform efficiently and effectively; however, 100 foot-candles may be needed in some areas, as well as special lighting for some operations, such as inspection of filled vials. Once the light levels have been defined, it is necessary that they be measured periodically and the results recorded. The specifications should call either for replacement of light sources when some level above the established minimum has been reached or, alternatively, routine replacements of light sources on some schedule that has been shown adequate to ensure that light levels do not drop below the established minimum.
Task Ambient Lighting
Published in Stan Walerczyk, Lighting & Controls: Transitioning to the Future, 2020
Recommended light levels are based on the combination of ambient and task lighting, not just ambient. I often consider open office spaces glorified hallways, with enough ambient light to walk around in and do computer work, and I recommend about 20 foot-candles on desks. Often each ambient light fixture only needs to consume 20–30W to provide these foot-candles. Task lights may consume 8–12W in full mode. Ambient and task lights together can often provide up to 100 foot-candles or more. My LED desk-mount task light can provide 75 foot-candles by itself.
Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Systems
Published in Roger Messenger, Homayoon “Amir” Abtahi, Photovoltaic Systems Engineering, 2017
Roger Messenger, Homayoon “Amir” Abtahi
While illumination levels could be measured in W/m2, in the United States, illumination levels are most commonly measured in foot-candles. A foot-candle is the amount of light received at a distance of 1 ft from a standard candle. A standard candle is a candle that emits a total amount of light equal to 4π lumens. The lumen is thus the basic quantity of light in the foot-candle system of measurement of light intensity. It compares to the coulomb in the electrostatic realm.
BIM in architecture curriculum: a case study
Published in Architectural Science Review, 2018
The day-lighting performance depends on the date and time, sky conditions and design. Consequentially, day-lighting analysis in conceptual designing phases would provide initial results to the designer. Illuminance rendering for representative times is a method to visualize the performance of a space for day lighting. For example, LEED day-lighting credit 8.1 requires 75% of regularly occupied spaces to have daylight illuminance values between 10 and 500 foot-candles under clear-sky conditions on September 21 at 9 am and 3 pm, (LEED 2017). Illuminance is measured in lux or foot-candles; 1 foot-candle equals 10.7 lux.