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Routing Protocol Algorithms for Single-Body and Multi-Body Sensor Networks
Published in Jacques Bou Abdo, Jacques Demerjian, Abdallah Makhoul, 5G Impact on Biomedical Engineering, 2022
Nadine Bou Dargham, Khalil Challita, Rayane El Sibai, Jacques Demerjian
BSNs, as nodes, can route their data to the Base Station (BS) either in a single-hop manner (direct topology) [21], as shown in Figure 6.1, or relying on an intermediary node in a multi-hop manner (indirect topology) [9], as shown in Figure 6.2. Multi-hop routing topologies can be further divided into two models which are: Flat topology: all the nodes operate as peers and forward the data from one peer to another (hop by hop) until reaching the BS or vice versa.Cluster-based topology: the nodes are grouped into several groups of clusters and each node can either operate as a Cluster Head (CH) [31], responsible for transmitting the data to its destination, or as a normal node, transmitting its data to the CH.
Nearness as context-dependent expression: an integrative review of modeling, measurement and contextual properties
Published in Spatial Cognition & Computation, 2020
Marc Novel, Rolf Grütter, Harold Boley, Abraham Bernstein
Network Distance (flat): In general a network distance can be computed as soon as a topology can be constructed. The distance then is computed as the shortest path between the locations with respect to the amounts of vertices passed. A network is formed on a flat topology (see section 5.1) such as route networks (Allen, 1997; Brooks et al., 2008; Carbon, 2007; Gryl et al., 2002; Hall & Jones, 2012; Heath & Goodwin, 2011; Montello, 1997), transportation networks (Dao & Thill, 2009; Flushing, Gambardella & Di Caro, 2013), or visibility graphs (vistas) (Montello, 1997; Nasar et al., 1985). In the case of vistas, a graph of the visible locations is created, where each vertex represents a location and each edge represents the visible connection (vista) between the vertices.
Implementing blockchain in information systems: a review
Published in Enterprise Information Systems, 2022
The Internet-based P2P network architecture is used in the blockchain. Each participating node in the network contributes a portion of computing power, storage capacity, and network connection capacity. Through the network, other peer nodes can directly access these functions as shared resources. There is no need to pass through intermediate entities in the access process, so each node is not only a user of resources and services, but is also a provider of the entire resources and services. Each network node is connected to each other in a ‘flat’ topology. There are no special state nodes in the entire network, and each node can respond to any peer node and provide resources (Eyal et al. 2016; Chong et al. 2019).