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Coal
Published in Anco S. Blazev, Energy Security for The 21st Century, 2021
This is the skeleton in the closet of the coal industry. In economic terms, an external cost, or externality, is a negative effect of an economic activity on a third party or society in general. When coal is mined and used to generate power, for example, the external costs include the impacts of water pollution, toxic coal waste, air pollution, and the long-term damage to ecosystems and human health.
Energy Markets’ Future
Published in Anco S. Blazev, Global Energy Market Trends, 2021
This is the skeleton in the closet of the coal industry. While we might not agree with Obama’s approaches, we must agree that coal has problems. Big problems, as discussed in this text. In economic terms, an external cost, or externality, is a negative effect of an economic activity on a third-party or the society in general. When coal is mined and used to generate power, for example, the external costs include a number of negative impacts, expressed as: water pollution, toxic slurry and solid waste, air pollution, and the long-term damage to local and global ecosystems and human health.
Smartphone Crowd Computing: A Rational Approach for Sustainable Computing by Curbing the Environmental Externalities of the Growing Computing Demands
Published in Rik Das, Mahua Banerjee, Sourav De, Emerging Trends in Disruptive Technology Management for Sustainable Development, 2019
Pijush Kanti Dutta Pramanik, Saurabh Pal, Prasenjit Choudhury
An externality, generally used in the context of economics, refers to the impact of an activity that affects an unrelated third party. Depending on the beneficial or adverse impact, the externality is termed as a positive externality or negative externality. The problem with the externalities is that they generally don’t affect the causer (the company/organization) directly, especially economically. Also, in most of the cases, they cannot be held accountable for the damage, legally. Hence, they (the causer) generally do not bother to address the issues. Barry Commoner, one of the leading ecologists ever and a pioneer of the modern environmental movement, commented on the costs of externalities long back, which is still crucially relevant (Commoner 1969):Clearly, we have compiled a record of serious failures in recent technological encounters with the environment. In each case, the new technology was brought into use before the ultimate hazards were known. We have been quick to reap the benefits and slow to comprehend the costs.
When the river does not naturally flow: a case study of unsustainable management in the Tagus River (Spain)
Published in Water International, 2020
Enrique San-Martín, Beatriz Larraz, María Soledad Gallego
Regarding the dams in Extremadura and Madrid’s wastewater, the key economic concept is externality. There is an externality when someone makes a consumption or production decision but someone else, a third party not involved in the decision, bear some damages or costs because of the ‘external’ impacts of that decision. Aranjuez, Toledo and Talavera bear some costs from the pollution caused by Madrid. In the same way, farmers and riverside dwellers suffer externalities caused by Iberdrola if merely economic considerations (hourly and daily energy prices) guide water releases.
New challenges in supply chain management: cybersecurity across the supply chain
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2022
Steven A. Melnyk, Tobias Schoenherr, Cheri Speier-Pero, Chris Peters, Jeff F. Chang, Derek Friday
It is important to note that the definition includes both direct AND indirect effects. Indirect effects include negative supply chain externalities. An externality is a cost or benefit that affects a third party who did not choose to incur that cost or benefit (Anderson and Moore 2006; Buchanan and Stubblebine 1962). Within the CSASC context, it is evident that the failure of a lower tier (e.g. a third-tier supplier) to properly protect itself from cybersecurity threats can generate significant negative supply chain externalities for the focal firm.
A multi-objective design optimisation of eco-friendly aircraft: the impact of noise fees on airplanes sustainable development
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 2018
Umberto Iemma, Fabio Pisi Vitagliano, Francesco Centracchio
Moreover it is easy to understand that, in a such challenging scenario, the introduction of breakthrough technologies is a key enabling factor since the consolidate technology is approaching a development saturation point and the incremental technological innovation is becoming progressively less effective in producing substantial improvements. An extensive literature review goes beyond the link between economic issues and environmental impact of aviation industry, and it is worth mentioning the work developed by Markish and Willcox (2003) who linked financial considerations to performance factors. They also included the uncertainty analysis applying an approach developed in the finance environment to take into account the effect of substantial technical innovations. Antoine and Kroo (2005) introduced the environmental impacts of aircraft within the conceptual design frame, in a multi-objective approach, as an objective function to be minimised. Furthermore, Hall et al. (2013) analyses future air-cabins exploring both optimisation and win–win scenarios. With the aim of considering final consumers’ needs and value all stakeholders involved, they focus on customer-driven approach, even if still valuable are seen technical and design considerations. An additional relevant work is the one developed by Peoples and Willcox (2006), whose focus lies on the financial uncertainties business risk assessment. The first investigation of the interdependencies between acquisition cost and negative externalities of a low-noise aircraft from an airline perspective has been presented in Iemma, Pisi Vitagliano, and Centracchio (2015, 2016). In economics, an externality is a consequence of a business activity experienced by a party different than the ones involved in the activity itself, therefore negative externality are the costs affecting this party. Currently, according to the International Civil Aviation Organization policies (ICAO 2012), airline companies are charged with noise fees based on flight time and the class of the airplane. These incomes are supposed to be re-invested in the implementation of strategies and infrastructural improvements aimed at community noise abatement. It is worth noting that these charges are applied as air navigation fees when a flight is operated. This choice aims at internalising a negative externality, in fact the consequence due to the business activity has an economic impact on the party being the source of the inconvenience. Innovative configurations are then required not only to be financially sustainable but also socially sustainable.