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Beneficiation of minerals
Published in D.V. Subba Rao, Mineral Beneficiation, 2011
A quantitative description of a system or process by one or more mathematical equations is termed as Mathematical Model or simply Model. The Model is used to study the process behaviour with respect to the variables and parameters of interest using a digital computer. For a given system, the parameters are constants that characterize the system. If a system is described by a mathematical equation, a coefficient in that equation is a parameter. The variables are the attributes having arbitrary values. Some of the variables in a system are subject to the control and are referred as control variables.
Determining optimal lighting in 3D scanner for hand foot static anthropometric measurements
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2023
Novie Susanto, Manik Mahachandra, Wiwik Budiawan, Ega Rizkiyah, Cintya Dema Apsari
The control variable is a variable that is controlled or made constant so that the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable is not affected by unobserved external factors. The control variables in this study are: Brightness: good (light gray color)Tool-to-object distance: the shortest distance is 410 mm, the optimal distance is 510 mm, and the longest distance is 610 mm. The green LED on the tool indicates the correct distance.Scan speed: constant, ranging from 5.4 to 7.4 cm/s (Mindarti, 2015).
Particulate suspension: a review of studies characterizing particulates and volatile organic compounds emissions during additive manufacturing processes
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2023
Sayed Kaes Maruf Hossain, Azul Toledo Vega, Delia Valles-Rosales, Young Ho Park, Sarada Kuravi, Hansuk Sohn
The previously reported studies primarily investigated the association between emission characteristics and predefined control variables. Such emission characteristics include chemical compositions, concentrations, emission rates, and particulate size distribution. Examples of the control variables include feedstock material, operating temperature, printing stage, printer model, and environmental factors. Further details on these control variables and their effects are discussed in section 3. In addition, some studies included a comparative evaluation of various control methods, such as using enclosures, suction fans, exhaust fans, and filters to identify their efficacy in controlling the emission of particulates and VOCs in the air (details in section 4). A typical emission characterization study would include the following steps: (1) selection of process type, printer model, and feedstock material, (2) defining the control and response variables, (3) planning and preparing physical setup with appropriate environmental setting and instrumentations, and (4) data analysis for characterizing particulate and VOCs emissions during the additive manufacturing process.
Mobile cloud computing apps and information disclosure: the moderating roles of dispositional and behaviour-based traits
Published in Behaviour & Information Technology, 2022
Hamid Reza Nikkhah, Rajiv Sabherwal, Jalal Sarabadani
Control variables are variables that are not pertinent to the main focus of the paper but might impact the dependent variables, which makes them important for researchers to control for their potential effects (Bhattacherjee 2012). We adopt several control variables from prior privacy studies (e.g. Malhotra, Kim, and Agarwal 2004) to study the effects on information disclosure behaviour. Individuals who read more about privacy issues in the media and those that experience privacy invasion might have different information disclosure behaviours. Thus, in addition to age and gender, we capture media exposure and prior privacy invasion as control variables.