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Bose-Einstein Condensate
Published in Mihai V. Putz, New Frontiers in Nanochemistry, 2020
This state of matter was first predicted by Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein in 1924–25. The Indian physicist S. N. Bose was the first to describe the phenomena of Black Body Radiation. In the same year, Albert Einstein extended the work done by S. N. Bose to non-interacting particles. The efforts made by Bose and Einstein introduced the novel idea of a Bose gas obeying the quantum statistics known as Bose-Einstein statistics. These statistics depict the distribution of identical particles having integral spin which are now well-recognized as bosons. Bosons comprise the photon as well as atoms such as helium-4 (4He) that are allowed to share quantum states with each other. In this field, Eric A. Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle, and Carl E. Wieman got the Noble Prize in Physics in 2001 for their outstanding work. In 2010, the first photon Bose-Einstein condensate was formed.
Bose-Einstein condensation of photons from the thermodynamic limit to small photon numbers
Published in Journal of Modern Optics, 2018
Robert A. Nyman, Benjamin T. Walker
Condensates are typically characterized by their long-range coherence, first hinted at in photon BEC by a single image in Ref. [22]. Marelic et al. [37] systematically studied stationary first-order coherence using imaging interferometers with slow cameras. They showed that non-dissipative thermal Bose gas theory describes the data well below and just above threshold, with the condensate showing long-range spatial and temporal coherence. Below threshold, the thermal cloud has a position dependent potential energy, which makes for interesting images but complicated analysis: see Figure 4. Far above threshold the coherence decreases, which can be explained by multimode condensation, in which several modes become macroscopically occupied.