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Visual Design Principles for Usable Interfaces
Published in Julie A. Jacko, The Human–Computer Interaction Handbook, 2012
Balance offers equilibrium or rest. Donis stated that equilibrium is the strongest visual reference (Donis 1973b). It provides the equivalent of a center of gravity that grounds the page. Without balance, the page collapses, all elements are seen as dispersed, and content is lost. Balance requires continual modification from page to page because while each page is part of a greater system, elements can vary and all have visual weight. In the same way that a clown balancing on a ball while juggling objects of different weights must continually make adjustments for actions that are occurring, visual balance requires the same concerns and adjustments as in the physical world. Regardless of how a design is organized, it must achieve stability and unity in order for a user to feel comfortable with the solution. Balance can be achieved a number of ways. One obvious method uses symmetry, such as found on a page with text and image aligned on a centered axis. Deceptively simple, symmetry form is often considered easy to make; however, unless handled carefully a symmetrical composition can be predictable, boring, and static. Asymmetry employs nonaxial balance and uses contrast between elements such as weight, form, and color to create visual tension and drama. Both are valid approaches and require skill and knowledge of complex visual interaction to achieve.
Coupled Lateral–Longitudinal Flight Dynamics
Published in Nandan K. Sinha, N. Ananthkrishnan, Advanced Flight Dynamics with Elements of Flight Control, 2017
Nandan K. Sinha, N. Ananthkrishnan
The third source of lateral–longitudinal coupling is the aerodynamics. This effect is very airplane dependent and varies widely from one airplane to another, so it is difficult to make generalizations. There may also be aerodynamic coupling effects due to deflection of control surfaces. For example, the effect due to deflection of right and left aileron, or right and left elevator, may not be symmetric. The asymmetry in aerodynamic force/moment can create a coupling effect. In addition, there may be coupling effects because of the engines, for example, due to rotating components. There may also be lateral–longitudinal coupling effects due to the control system, often deliberately introduced.
Harmonic Analysis
Published in J.C. Das, Power System Analysis, 2017
The power system elements are not perfectly symmetrical. Asymmetry is involved in the circuit loading and mutual couplings and unbalanced self- and mutual impedances result. The problem is similar to the three-phase load flow and is compounded by the nonlinearities of the harmonic loads [14]. Single-phase models are not adequate when:
An uncertain Kansei Engineering methodology for behavioral service design
Published in IISE Transactions, 2021
The next task is to determine the shapes of the relationships between the fulfilment levels and satisfaction values. As mentioned by Rychalski and Hudson (2017), there are positive asymmetry and negative asymmetry in the emotions-satisfaction link. Positive asymmetry means that the presence of the “delightful” attribute increases satisfaction than its absence decreases them; whereas negative asymmetry indicates that a decrease in emotional quality has a larger negative effect than the positive effect of the same amount of increase in emotional quality. According to the Kano model (Kano et al., 1984), the satisfaction function curves of different categories shape in different ways: the A and M types of attributes follow an exponential curve, whereas the O type of attributes follow a linear curve. As stated by Matzler et al. (2004), the A-type attributes becomes important when performance is high, but plays an unimportant role when performance is low, so the curve of A-type attributes should become steeper when the fulfillment level is relatively high. The curve of the M-type attributes is the opposite. In other words, the curve of M-type attributes should become steeper when the fulfillment level is relatively low. Moreover, the curve of a certain Kansei attribute must pass its dissatisfaction point and satisfaction point.