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Wave Theory of Image Formation and Resolution
Published in Bethe A. Scalettar, James R. Abney, Cyan Cowap, Introductory Biomedical Imaging, 2022
Bethe A. Scalettar, James R. Abney, Cyan Cowap
[Lateral Resolution – Electron Microscope] The electron microscope was developed in the 1930s, shortly after the introduction of quantum mechanics. Electron microscopes use high-energy electrons, instead of photons, to image specimens. This is possible because electrons, like other particles, exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties (the “wave-particle duality”). The wave-like properties mean that electrons, like photons, undergo diffraction. The wavelength, λ, of an electron is given by the de Broglie equation: λ=hp
Semimetal Electronics
Published in Klaus D. Sattler, st Century Nanoscience – A Handbook, 2020
Alfonso Sanchez-Soares, Christian König, Conor O’Donnell, Jean-Pierre Colinge, James C. Greer
The name quantum size already implies that the electrons and holes in our model devices are located in a thin film or a narrow wire. To clarify what thin means in this context, it is beneficial to recall some of the findings from the early days of quantum mechanics. The wave-particle duality describes that the behavior of particles-such as photons or electrons-can, depending on the situation, be best described as particles with a certain mass and momentum, or as a wave with an energy-dependent wavelength. As proposed in 1924 by de Broglie [2], this principle can be applied to electrons, where the following relation holds: λ=h/p,
Nanoelectronics and Mesoscopic Physics
Published in Vinod Kumar Khanna, Introductory Nanoelectronics, 2020
Macroscopic objects are subject to the laws of classical mechanics. Classical mechanics is not applicable to mesoscopic objects. Their theoretical treatment comes under the purview of quantum mechanics, also called wave mechanics, which is a fundamental theory in physics. Quantum mechanics is a branch of mechanics for mathematical formulation of motion and interaction of subatomic particles to describe nature at the smallest scales of energy levels of atoms and constituent particles. It incorporates: Quantization of energy, momentum, angular momentum, and other parameters of a bound system with constraint to allow discrete values only.Wave-particle duality of matter: All matter including electrons and electromagnetic fields behave as waves and particles.Uncertainty principle: Limit to the precision with which certain pairs of physical properties of a particle called complementary variables, e.g. position x and momentum p, energy E and time t, can be simultaneously measured.
Energy distribution in cool electrode of electrical discharge machining based on wave-particle dualism
Published in Machining Science and Technology, 2019
Qiu Mingbo, Han Yunxiao, Zhang Chao, Chen Haoran, Hui Zhiguang
This article mainly studies the energy distribution in cool electrode of electrical discharge machining. Study presents the theoretical mechanism of photon emission in the discharge channel based on the wave-particle duality of matter. The energy distribution in the discharge channel during manufacturing is calculated and analyzed. Under this premise, the machining process in the discharge channel of the cool electrode in the EDM to the titanium alloy is studied using the ANSYS software. Eventually, two comparative experiments were used to verify the loss mechanism of forced cooling by cool electrodes in EDM and study the effect of cool electrodes on the electrode relative wear rate (ERWR) and MRR, respectively.