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Review of Fundamentals Related to DC Power Supply Design and Linear Regulators
Published in Nihal Kularatna, DC Power Supplies Power Management and Surge Protection for Power Electronic Systems, 2018
The control circuit samples the output voltage through a resistive divider, and uses this feedback signal to control an error amplifier’s output to control the resistance of the series pass device. Control circuit characteristics directly affect system bandwidth and the achievable DC regulation. The voltage reference is used for comparison of the output voltage in the control circuit, and primarily governs the steady-state accuracy of the device. The control circuit can be based on an op-amp or a circuit designed with discrete components. This directly governs the output transient response and the stability of the output. More on this will be discussed later. In general the designer should be conscious of the power consumption of the control circuits to get the best efficiency.
The Evolving and Expanding Synergy Between Moore’s Law and the Internet-of-Things
Published in Lambrechts Wynand, Sinha Saurabh, Abdallah Jassem, Prinsloo Jaco, Extending Moore’s Law through Advanced Semiconductor Design and Processing Techniques, 2018
Lambrechts Wynand, Sinha Saurabh
Low-power IoT systems require low-power subsystems to prolong the lifetime of the device and decrease the footprint required for energy excitation. Voltage references are commonly used in low-power systems, devices producing a constant voltage irrespective of the load, temperature variations or power supply perturbations. In IoT systems, voltage references are the most common circuits used as power supplies. Analog-to-digital converters that convert an analog signal from a sensor to a digital representation thereof and the converse, digital-to-analog converters as well as various subsystems responsible for measurement and control, are key building blocks of IoT systems. Some of the key requirements for a voltage reference are toProduce an output that is voltage- and temperature-independent.Generate an output that is power-supply-independent.Provide operation across a wide range of supply voltages.Have the ability to easily scale the output voltage (Sanborn et al. 2007).
Voltage and Current References
Published in John D. Cressler, H. Alan Mantooth, Extreme Environment Electronics, 2017
Operation over extremely wide temperature range is a requirement for many EE applications. However, the maximum temperature range over which the performance of the conventional electronics has been examined is the military temperature range (-55°C to +125°C). Here, we will provide experimental results for the wide temperature operation of the two SiGe BGR circuits. Figure 47.3 shows the measured output voltage of the two BGR circuits as a function of temperature. As can be seen, both circuits function reliably well across the wide temperature range of 27°C to −230°C. A typical metric used to evaluate the stability of a voltage reference across temperature is its temperature coefficient (TC). This is normally expressed in parts-per-million per degree Celsius (ppm/°C) and is defined as () TC=1Vref(T0)ΔVrefΔT×106⋅
Improved Plasma Vertical Position Control on TCV Using Model-Based Optimized Controller Synthesis
Published in Fusion Science and Technology, 2022
Federico Pesamosca, Federico Felici, Stefano Coda, Cristian Galperti
A nonlinear model for the FPS is included, featuring a simulation of the pulse width modulation (PWM) behavior and a dead zone that does not respond when the voltage reference of the analog signal for the controller is V. This allows simulating the fast output stage of the G coil power supply, which is an H-bridge insulated-gate bipolar transistor inverter operating in PWM at a switching frequency of 10 kHz (Ref. 45). This model takes as input the controller voltage request , sums it to the voltage reference for the FPS, and outputs the voltage applied to the G coil . Note that this model is not included in the optimization where the linear model considers . The approximation used in the optimization is justified due to the FPS switching frequency (10 kHz), which is one order of magnitude larger than the growth rate of the vertical instability (1 kHz) and further validated with the inclusion of the nonlinear FPS model in the following simulations. White noise is added as an input to the power supplies for the external coils in order to seed a perturbation to the linearized state and include the unmodeled dynamics of the PF coil thyristor-based power supplies,38 which are simply modeled with a delay.
An analytic approach for resource efficient parametric simulation of electronic circuits
Published in EPE Journal, 2020
Mario Schenk, Annette Muetze, Klaus Krischan
The error amplifier , a diode and voltage reference model an adjustable shunt regulator (such as TL431). The error amplifier is modelled as an ideal amplifier with infinite gain. The diode is used to add an additional offset to the output level of and also ensures that the amplifier can only sink the current. The optocoupler is modelled in the forward linear region by and in the saturation region by a constant voltage source . Table 3 summarizes the values for additional and modified components and parameters.
Optimization of a microcontroller for the simultaneous logging of temperature and reversed-flow inverse gas chromatography measurements
Published in Instrumentation Science & Technology, 2018
Kosmas Martakidis, Dimitrios Gavril
There are two main ways to improve the microcontroller’s ADC resolution. One is to switch to a lower reference voltage (up to 2.40 V) using an external Zener diode circuit or a dedicated voltage reference-integrated circuit (integrated circuit) for more precision. If there is need to improve the resolution even more, the second way (and the one chosen for this study, c.f. Figure 2) is to amplify the output signal of the detector using a precision operational amplifier (op-amp). The op-amp’s gain applied to the voltage on its noninverting input is programmable by tweaking the values of the external voltage divider circuit’s low-tolerance resistors between the op-amp’s output and inverting input.