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Emergence of Enterprise Mobility
Published in Jithesh Sathyan, Anoop Narayanan, Navin Narayan, K V Shibu, A Comprehensive Guide to Enterprise Mobility, 2016
Jithesh Sathyan, Anoop Narayanan, Navin Narayan, K V Shibu
WiMAX architecture can be split into three parts, as shown in Figure 1.5: Mobile station: This is the user equipment or user terminal that the end user uses to access the WiMAX network.Access service network (ASN): This is the access network of WiMAX comprising base stations and one or more ASN gateways. While the base station is responsible for providing the air interface with a mobile station, the ASN gateways form the RAN at the edge. Connectivity service network (CSN): This is the core network that offers services and connectivity with other networks. It includes the AAA server, the mobile IP home agent (MIP-HA), the services offered using supporting networks such as IMS, an operation support system, or a billing system, which can be a part of the core or a stand-alone application, and the gateways for protocol conversion and connectivity with other networks.
First- and Second-generation Cellular Systems
Published in Goff Hill, The Cable and Telecommunications Professionals' Reference, 2012
The base station subsystem (BSS) is the centrally located physical equipment used for radio coverage over a determined geographical zone called a cell. It contains the equipment required for communicating with the user equipment called mobile station. The BTS and BSC together form the BSS and carry out all the functions related to radio channel management. This includes management of radio channel configurations, allocating radio channels for speech, data and signaling purposes, controlling frequency hopping, and power control. The BSS also manages speech encoding/decoding, and channel encoding/decoding. The specification for the equipment forming the BSS is found in 3GPP specification: series TS 11.20 through TS 11.30. The series of specifications, definitions, and specifications for the interfaces between the various components of the BSS is found in specification: series TS 08.
Applying Low-Cost Software Radio for Experimental Analysis of LTE Security, Protocol Exploits, and Location Leaks
Published in Georgios Kambourakis, Asaf Shabtai, Constantinos Kolias, Dimitrios Damopoulos, Intrusion Detection and Prevention for Mobile Ecosystems, 2017
LTE mobile networks, as illustrated in Figure 11.1, split their architecture into two main sections: the Radio Access Network (RAN) and the core network, known as the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) [1]. The RAN of an LTE network comprises of the mobile terminals, known as User Equipment (UE), and eNodeBs, or LTE base stations. The evolution of mobile networks toward LTE highly specializes and isolates the functionality of the RAN. In current mobile deployments, the LTE RAN is able to, independently from the EPC, assign radio resources to UEs, manage their radio resource utilization, implement access control, and, leveraging the X2 interface between eNodeBs, manage mobility and handoffs.
An Improved Handoff Algorithm for Seamless Connectivity in Heterogeneous Networks
Published in IETE Technical Review, 2023
Here, the eNodeB is an LTE (Long-Term Evolution) radio base station. Such nodes are mounted at mobile operators’ cell sites and can be viewed as tall antennas also known as cell towers. Bearers are the tunnels used in a mobile network that use the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) architecture to link user equipment to Packet Data Networks (PDNs) like the Internet. In practice, bearers are concatenated tunnels that connect the user equipment to the PDN through the Packet Data Network Gateway (P-GW). A maximum transmission unit (MTU) is the biggest frame or packet size, defined in octets (eight-bit bytes) which could be communicated to a frame or packet-based network. The transmission control protocol (TCP) for the Internet uses the MTU to define the determined size of every packet in each transmission. These parameters are taken because they have helped us to create a more real-time environment and these parameters are important to be considered for designing a mobile communication network. The various results are discussed below.
Delay Jitter Performance Analysis and Traffic Splitting in Cellular-Based Multi-Access System
Published in IETE Technical Review, 2023
Megha Sahu, Arzad Alam Kherani
Basically, in LTE, three allocation request procedures are defined to transmit the streaming traffic [11]: (1) Random Access Procedure (RAC) using Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) Physical Layer Process: First message from User Equipment (UE) to eNB when we power it on. (2) Scheduling Request (SR) Procedure using Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH): Activates, when UE has some data to transmit. (3) Uplink Buffer Status Reporting (BSR) using Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH): BSR reports inform eNB about the size of the PDCP buffer that comes under the case where we expect that enough data is outstanding in the PDCP queue most of the time. For our work, RAC and SR are similar. In this paper, we analyse the delay jitter due to queuing of IP packets at the PDCP layer of an LTE interface and focus on the regime when most of the uplink allocations are governed by the BSR procedure and not the SR procedure (produced by every new source burst to get the Uplink (UL) Grant) of 3GPP LTE, we call it Fluid Regime.
A secure cluster-based authentication and key management protocol for machine-type communication in the LTE network
Published in International Journal of Computers and Applications, 2022
K. Krishna Jyothi, Shilpa Chaudhari
Long-term evolution (LTE) is a fourth-generation technology. All-IP [1] technology is a term that suits the LTE, and the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing is given as the basis of the LTE technology. LTE has basically two releases in which the LTE and LTE-A are shown in the analysis. LTE-release-8 [2] takes a bandwidth of ‘20 MHz’ and applies the DL/UL frequency selective and DL frequency scheduling. LTE-advanced will be the final design of the LTE standard. To satisfy the ‘4G’ requirements in the LTE technology [3], the multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna technique is applied here. In the 4G communication system, four kinds of technology [4] work are involved. It has two versions of communication types of LTE networks (1) heterogeneous networks and (2) device to device (D2D) communications. The heterogeneous network [5] in LTE contains micro, pico, and femto types of base stations in it. The above has many differences from the micro cells. The heterogeneous version of deployment has two different factors to show the alteration from the macro cell among the pico and femto. The D2D communication in the LTE kind of networks uses the evolved node Bs (eNBs) and gets connected by the user equipment (UE) [6].