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Surface Transportation
Published in Shatha N. Samman, Human Factors and Ergonomics for the Gulf Cooperation Council, 2018
Vision is essential to guiding a vehicle along its path, following cars, detecting roadway hazards, and making judgments about turning maneuvers, as well as seeing and identifying traffic control devices. Eye movement provides possibly the most beneficial information of where and to what extent drivers attend to various objects in and outside of their cars (Shinar, 2007). The allocation of a driver’s fixation is the first clue that we have of verifying what drivers attend to, and how much time they devote to different objects. An important concept in understanding driver attention is useful field of view (UFOV), which includes the total visual field from which characteristics of the target can be acquired when head and eye movements are excluded (Rayner, 1998). The extent of UFOV depends on how well a driver can divide his/her attention, ignore distractions, and select relevant information from the environment. In a study of visual/cognitive factors in accidents, it was found that drivers with UFOV problems had 4.2 times more collisions and 15.6 times more intersection accidents than those without UFOV problems (Owsley et al., 1991).
The Aging Eye and Transport Signs
Published in Cándida Castro, Tim Horberry, The Human Factors of Transport Signs, 2004
An observer’s ability to detect, identify, and discriminate visual stimuli without eye movements is restricted to a relatively small region of the visual field known as the useful field of view (UFOV). The UFOV is reduced among older observers (Sekuler and Ball, 1986; Scialfa et al., 1987), due more to cognitive factors (e.g., attention) than basic sensory change. Ball and Owsley and their co-workers (Ball and Owsley, 1991; Ball et al., 1993; Sims et al., 2000) have shown significant reductions in UFOV to be predictive of involvement in “at-fault” automobile accidents. Owsley et al. (1998) found that older drivers with a UFOV impairment of 40% or greater were 2.2 times more likely to be involved in a car crash during the 3-year follow-up period of the study than those with little or no UFOV loss. Although not yet tested empirically, a reduction in UFOV may reduce older operators' ability to attend to and process road sign information.
Sensory, cognitive, and physical challenges of aging specific to transportation
Published in Carryl L. Baldwin, Bridget A. Lewis, Pamela M. Greenwood, Designing Transportation Systems for Older Adults, 2019
Carryl L. Baldwin, Bridget A. Lewis, Pamela M. Greenwood
One important visual ability that has both peripheral and cognitive aspects is the useful field of view (UFOV). Essentially, the UFOV is the visual area where information can be extracted without moving one's eyes. Since eye movements are slow, the UFOV is critical for rapidly detecting hazards at the side of the road (e.g., a pedestrian who is about to step off the curb).
The automated driver as a new road user
Published in Transport Reviews, 2021
Ane Dalsnes Storsæter, Kelly Pitera, Edward D. McCormack
Field of view (FOV) determines how much of the surrounding world a human driver can observe. Human binocular vision regarding subjects with no visual impairment is approximately 200° in the horizontal median, and 150° in the vertical (Wolfe, Dobres, Rosenholtz, & Reimer, 2017). The most widely accepted requirement for visual field is 120° in the horizontal median, although humans are able to rotate their heads to scan more of their surroundings. Although there is no equivalent vertical requirement, 40° has been suggested (Colenbrander & De Laey, 2005). Rear-view and side mirrors allow human drivers to see the road behind them to some extent; furthermore, ADAS functions, including parking aids, can help human vision. However, while humans are in their cars looking in mirrors or at screens, they lose their forward vision. Drivers having visual field defects, yet who are still deemed to be safe drivers, were found to engage in more scanning behaviour (head movement) compared to unsafe drivers having field defects (Owsley & McGwin, 2010). The area where humans can see clearly is called the Useful Field of View (UFOV), which is often defined in the region of only 20–30°; however, information from the peripheral vision is also important for driving (Wolfe et al., 2017).
A pre/post evaluation of fatigue, stress and vigilance amongst commercially licensed truck drivers performing a prolonged driving task
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2019
Michelle Cardoso, Fred Fulton, Jack P. Callaghan, Michel Johnson, Wayne J. Albert
Speed of information processing, divided attention and selective attention were measured using a useful field of view (UFOV) computer test. The UFOV is a tool that monitors information processing without the participants needing to move their head or eyes. Following Parasuraman et al.’s [27,28] definition of vigilance, the ability to sustain attention and to remain alert to stimuli/a task for a period of time, a drop in attention (UFOV) scores over the course of the study would suggests a decrement in vigilance. The UFOV test requires the user to identify and localize one of two objects (car or truck) throughout three different tests. The first subtest measures information processing by flashing the image of a car or truck in a central location of the screen and the participants must identify the stimuli. The second subtest monitors dividing attention by showing an image (car or truck) in a central location along with a peripheral object (placed in one of eight possible locations). Participants are required to recall the image in the central location and report the location of the peripheral object. The third subtest monitors the susceptibility to distraction; the second subtest is repeated but is now coupled with distractions [29]. Participants were required to complete the UFOV test pre/post the simulated driving tasks, meaning this test was completed during four different time points (trials): T1, pre driver simulation 1; T2, post driver simulation 1; T3, pre driver simulation 2; T4, post driver simulation 2 (Figure 4).
Prediction of operators cognitive degradation and impairment using hybrid fuzzy modelling
Published in Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 2023
Nikolay Alekseevich Korenevskiy, Riad Taha Al-kasasbeh, Fawaz Shawawreh, Tareq Ahram, Sofya Nikolaevna Rodionova, Mahdi Salman Alshamasin, Sergey Aleexevich Filist, Manafaddin Namazov, Ashraf Adel Shaqadan, Maksim Ilyash
Lees et al. (2012) studied older adults fraction of fatal crashes on a per-mile basis. Those with useful field of view (UFOV) reductions show elevated crash risk that might be mitigated with vehicle-based warnings. Authors applied Posner’s orienting of attention paradigm. A sample of 29 older drivers with UFOV impairments and 32 older drivers without impairments participated. Drivers experienced three cue types (valid spatial information, invalid spatial information, neutral) and an uncued baseline. The results suggest that temporal information dominates spatial information in the ability of cues to speed responses to targets.